Anatomy Definitions Test 1

Terms to know for Exam 1 in BIOL 243

Anatomy

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology

Study of the Function of body parts and how they work to carry out life sustaining activities

Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy

study of large, visible structures

Regional Anatomy

looks at all structures in a particular area of the body

System Anatomy

looks at just one system (ie. Respiratory)

Surface Anatomy

looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin

Microscopic Anatomy

deals with structures too small for the naked eye

Cytology

study of cells (cyt/o = cell)

Histology

study of tissues (hist/o = tissue)

Developmental Anatomy

studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life

Embryology

study of developments before birth

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

What a function can do depends on its specific form

Structural Organization (smallest to largest)

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

Chemical Level

atoms, molecules, and organelles

Cellular Level

single cell - basic living unit of all life

Tissue Level

groups of similar cells

Organ Level

contains two or more types of tissues

Organ System Level

organs that work closely together

Organism Level

all organ systems combined to make a whole organism

Necessary Life Functions

Maintaining Boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

Integumentary System

Hair, Skin, and Nails

Skeletal System

Joints and Bones

Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles

Nervous System

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves

Endocrine System

Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Pineal, Pituitary, Ovaries and Testis

Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood Vessels

Lymphatic/Immune System

Red bone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Thoracic Duct, Spleen, Lymph Nodes

Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Lung, Bronchus

Gastrointestinal System

Oral Cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Large Intestine, Stomach, Small Intestine, Rectum and Anus

Urinary System

Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

Male Reproductive System

Prostate, Penis, Testis, Scrotum, Ductus Deferens

Female Reproductive System

Mammary Glands, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tube

Survival Needs

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal Body Temperature, Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Normal Body Temperature

98.6 F

Standard Anatomical Position

Body Erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal

Axial Skeleton

Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular Skeleton

Limbs

Acromial

bony top of shoulder (good for IM injections)

Abdominal

anterior trunk below the ribs

Antecubital

front of elbow (blood draw)

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

arm

Cephalic

whole head

Cervical

neck

Cranial

“skull cap”; above eyebrows

Carpal

wrist

Metacarpal

hand bones between wrist and knuckles

Digital

fingers (phalanges)

Thoracic

chest

Pelvic

lower hip region

Inguinal

groin or hip crease

Pubic

genital area

Coxal

hip

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

front (anterior) of knee

Pedal

foot

Tarsal

ankle

Metatarsal

top bones of foot (shoelaces)

Digital (feet)

toes (phalanges)

Otic

ear area

Occipital

back of head

Scapular

shoulder blade

Vertebral

midline of back

Lumbar

lower back area

Sacral

lower end of spine

Gluteal

posterior hip (IM injections)

Perineal

region between anus and genitals

Plantar

sole/bottom of foot

Sagittal Plane

divides body left/right

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides body anterior/posterior

Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides body superior/inferior (cross-section)

Dorsal Body Cavity

Protects fragile nervous system; Cranial and Vertebral cavity

Cranial Cavity

encases brain

Vertebral Cavity

encases spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

Houses internal organs (viscera); Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavity (separated by diaphragm)

Thoracic Cavity

Two pleural cavities (each surrounds one lung)

Mediastinum

contains pericardial cavity (surrounds heart); surrounds esophagus, trachea, etc.

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

Pelvic Cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa/Serous Membrane

Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity

Parietal Serosa

lines internal body cavity walls

Visceral Serosa

covers internal organs (viscera)

Pericardium

Heart

Pleurae

Lungs

Peritoneum

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Pleurisy

inflammation of the outer membranes covering lungs

Peritonitis

inflammation of the outer membranes covering the abdominal organs and wall of the abdominal cavity

Pericarditis

inflammation of the outer covering membranes surrounding the heart

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Liver, gallbladder