Science Exam

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Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Voltage's role in circuits

Pressure that triggers electron flow

Current's role in circuits

Rate of electron flow

Resistance's role in circuits

Flow inhibitor

Biotic

Living, or once living, factor in an ecosystem

Abiotic

Non-living factor in an ecosystem

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated

Dependent variable

The variable that responds to the independent variable, and is measured

Controlled variable

The variable that remains constant so as to not interfere with the investigation

Ohm's Law

E = IR

Accuracy

the quality or state of being correct or precise.

Reliability

the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well.

Validity

the quality of being logically or factually sound; soundness or cogency.

Fairness

impartial and just treatment or behaviour without favouritism or discrimination.

Experimental Group

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Control Group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Random error

an error that occurs when the selected sample is an imperfect representation of the overall population

Systemic error

a consistent or proportional difference between the observed and true values of something (e.g., a miscalibrated scale consistently registers weights as higher than they actually are).

Ecology

Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment

Organism

An individual living thing

Species

A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Community

All the different populations that live together in an area

Biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.

Biodiversity

The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.

Oxidation

loss of electrons

Photosynthesis chemical equation (Worded)

Carbon dioxide and Water produces Glucose and oxygen

Photosynthesis chemical equation (Symbols)

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Producer

An organism that can make its own food.

Consumer

An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms

Detritivore/Decomposer

organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter

food chain

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Trophic Levels of a Food chain

The levels of producers and consumers in a food chain. (Trophic means the nutrition at each level.)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

somatic response

Signals travel from the brain down efferent pathway to muscles/neruons. Voluntary Response.

Autonomic responses

Involuntary and automatic functions of the body, such as breathing, swallowing, and sexual arousal😏.

Sensory Neuron

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord, such as recognizing that cheese tastes bad

Motor Neuron

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react, such as your finger touching cheese, your brain will recieve the signal and move away

Interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs (idk how to link cheese to this)

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Dendrites

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

Soma

cell body of a neuron

Myelin Sheath

A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.

Node of Ranvier

A gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

neuromuscular junction

point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell

Testosterone

Develop and maintain male sexual characteristics and maturation

Melatonin

Releases during night hours to help with sleep

Epinephrine

Increases heart rate, oxygen intake, and blood flow

Estrogen

Affects development of female sexual characteristics and reproductive development, important for functioning of uterus and breasts; also protects bone health

Insulin

Lowers blood sugar levels; stimulates metabolism of glucose, protein, and fat

Growth hormone (GH)

Affects growth and development; stimulates protein production; affects fat distribution

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Brainstem

The oldest part and central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions.

Frontal lobe

Associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

Occipital lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information

Temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Voltage

an electromotive force or potential difference expressed in volts.

Current

A flow of electric charge.

Resistance

A material's opposition to the flow of electric current.

Parallel circuit

A circuit that contains more than one path for current flow.

Series circuit

An electric circuit with a single path

How to calculate resistance in circuitry

R = V divided by I (rearrangement of Ohm's Law)

Unit of Resistance

Ohm (Ω)

conductor

A material that allows heat and electricity to pass through it.

Insulator

A material that does not allow heat or electrons to move through it easily.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Anion

A negatively charged ion

Organisation of the periodic table

By Atomic weight and valence electrons

Atom

Single Neutral particle

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together, neutral particles

chemical reactivity

the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other, causing a reaction

ionic compound

A compound that consists of positive and negative ions