Global H 9th midterms - 1/15/26

Samsara

Reincarnation

Moksha

liberation from samsara, reunite with brahman

atman

soul of an individual

Brahman

supreme being, ultimate reality

dharma

ethical duty, righteous conduct

hinduism key text

vedas, upanishads

4 noble truths

says life has suffering from desires but it can be ended thru 8 fold path

8 fold path

guide to end desires and to end suffering

buddhism core belief

end cycle of samsara by enlightenment/nirvana by ending desires - through ethics, meditation, no god

nirvana

ultimate goal where you reached peace and liberation

Julius Caesar

rose to power thru military conquest, strategic alliances, popularity with the people, and beating his rivals - was dictator, setting path to empire

Augustus

grandnephew of Julius, first emperor, started pax romana, ended civil wars and rebuilt rome

Mauryan empire

• founded by Chandragupta Maurya - cautious abt assassination

• peaked during Ashoka - buddhist

• first major empire

Gupta empire

• ruled by chandra gupta 1 and 2

• golden age of india

Athens

Greek city state known for democracy, trade, philosophy, art, etc

Sparta

oligarchy military state known for strength and power

Caste

created thru hinduism - social hierarchy for order

• Brahmin - priests

• Kshatriyas - kings rulers, warriors

• Vaishya- merchants, craftsman, landowners

• sudras - farmers, unskilled merchants, servants

• dalits - untouchables, street sweepers, etc

BC/BCE

BCE = before common era, BC = before christ

AD/CE

CE = common era, AD = Anno Domini, Latin for “in the year of the Lord,"

8 chars of civilization

• advanced cities - central places made it easier for administration, exchange, trade

• organized central govt - for order, unites towards 1 goal

• complex religions - way of explaining things - more order

• job specialization - more efficiency

• social classes - order

• writing - efficiency, communication

• art and architecture - creative outlet

• public works - efficiency, productivity

silk road

big route of trade routes

why laws/govt is important

• set clear rules for behavior. people would act only in their own interest w/o law

• enforced laws lets people know they can trust each other - leading to better cooperation, efficiency,

• no exploitation of power

lead for 8 characteristics essay

Lead - can make a question: “what would happen if a civilization had no laws or government…“

Context - explain what civilizations have