BIOL 65 Anatomy CH 1 Intro to Human Anatomy

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)

the study of structures that are so small they can only be seen with a microscope

Radiologic Anatomy

study of internal structure using x-rays and other medical imaging techniques

Systemic vs Regional Anatomy

Systemic:Study of one organ at a time vs. Regional: Study of multiple organ systems in a region.

Surface Anatomy

The external structure of the body.

Inspection

Looking at surface appearance.

Palpation

Feeling a structure

Ausculation

Listening to normal sounds

Percussion

Tapping and listening

Dissection

Cutting and separating of tissues

Invasive

Penetrating into body

Non-invasive

no penetration of the body

Situs solitus

normal arrangement of organs

Situs inversus

reversed position of organs

Situs perversus

one organ atypically positioned

Structural levels of an organism AMOCTOOO

Atoms, Molecules/Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism

Organ system of Protection, Support, and Movement

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular

Organ system of Internal Communication & Integration

Nervous, Endocrine

Organ system of Fluid Transport

Circulatory, Lymphatic

System of Intake & Output

Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary

Reproductive System

Male/Female

1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

What are the 11 organ systems? AMOCTOOO

Integumentary System

Skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands

Protection, water retention, thermoregulation

Skeletal System

Bones, cartilages, ligaments

Support, movement, protective enclose of viscera, blood formation, mineral, storage

Muscular System

Skeletal muscles

Movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production

Lymphatic System

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

Recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against diesase

Respiratory System

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Absorption of oxygen, discharge of cardon dioxide, speech

Digestive System

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Nutrient breakdown and absorption, Liver functions include metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, and minerals; synthesis of plasma protein; disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; and cleansing of blood

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia

Rapid internal communication, coordination, motor control and sensation

Endocrine System

Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries

Hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination

Circulatory System

Heart, blood vessels

Distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Elimination of wastes; regulation of blood volume and pressure; stimulation of red blood cell formation; control of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance; detoxification

Male Reproductive System

Testes, epididymides, spermatic ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis

Production and delivery of sperm and secretion of sex hormones

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

Production of eggs site of fertilization and fetal development; fetal nourishment; birth; lactation ; secretion of sex hormones.

Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

sagittal plane

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

Transverse Plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Parasagittal

unequal left/right portions

Anterior

toward the front

Posterior

toward the back

Ventral

Toward the anterior side

Dorsal

Toward the posterior side

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Cephalic

Toward the head or superior end

Rostral

Toward the forehead of nose

Caudal

Toward the tail or the interior end

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body

Contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

Superficial

Closer to body surface

Deep

Farther from the body surface

Nuchal

back of neck

Prone

lying face down

supine

lying face up

Acromial

Shoulder

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmer

Palms

Patellar

Kneecap

Cervical

Neck

Femoral

Thigh

Crural

shin

tarsal

ankle

pedal

foot

plantar surface

sole of feet

Dorsum of hand

back of hand

Perineal

ass crack

popliteal

back of knee

calcaneal

heel

brachial region

arm

antebrachial region

forearm

carpal region

wrist

manual region

hand

digits

fingers/toes

femoral region

thigh

crural region

shin

tarsal region

ankle

pedal region

foot