Vitamins (my copy)

Vitamins

• are organic (carbon containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes

• do not provide energy but enable the body to use the energy provided by carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

• the name vitamin implies their importance “Vita” in Latin, means life.

• are found in minute amounts in foods

_________ in Latin, means life

Vita

Classification of Vitamins

• Fat Soluble Vitamins

• Water Soluble

Fat Soluble

Vitamins A, D, E , and K

they are not lost easily in cooking, but are lost when mineral oil is ingested

fat soluble vitamins are transported through the blood by lipoproteins because they are not soluble in water

excess amounts can be stored in the liver

megadoses should be avoided to prevent toxicity

Vitamins under Fat Soluble Vitamins

A, D, E , K

fat soluble vitamins are transported through the blood by ________because they are not soluble in water

lipoproteins

Fat soluble vitamins: excess amounts can be stored in the _________

liver

__________ should be avoided to prevent toxicity

megadoses

Water Soluble Vitamins

• include Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C

• these vitamins dissolve in water and are easily destroyed by air, light, and cooking

• they are not stored in the body to the extent that fat soluble vitamins are stored

Vitamins under Water Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C

dissolve in water, not stored in the body and easily destroyed by air, light and cooking

water soluble vitamins

Active form of Vitamin A

Retinol

Retinol can be converted to?

retinal and retinoic acid

Retinol can be found in?

• fat containing animal foods such as liver, butter, cream, whole milk, whole milk cheeses, and egg yolk,

• also found in low fat milk products and in cereals fortified with vitamin A

Inactive form of Vitamin A?

Carotenoids

Carotenoids can be found in?

plants

common carotenoids are?

beta carotene, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin

beta carotene is most efficiently converted to _________

retinol

important role of carotenoids ?

in vision, bone growth, reproduction, and cell division, regulate the immune system

carotenoids are labeled as an _________

antioxidant

beta carotene best sources are _____________

carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli, pumpkin, squash (butternut), mango, and cantaloupe

Retinol Equivalent (RE)

1 μg retinol or 6 μg beta carotene or 3.33 IU (international units)

Hypervitaminosis

excessive intake of vitamin A

Signs of excessive intake of Vitamin A

birth defects, hair loss, dry skin, headaches, nausea, dryness of mucous membranes, liver damage, and bone and joint pain

Vitamin A Deficiency signs

night blindness; dry, rough skin; and increased susceptibility to infections.

avitaminosis

serious lack of vitamin A

avitaminosis can result in

blindness or xerophthalmia

xerophthalmia

a condition characterized by dry, lusterless, mucous membranes of the eye

lack of vitamin A is the leading cause of

blindness in the world

D2

ergocalciferol

D2 is formed in?

plants

D3

cholecalciferol

D3 is formed in

humans from cholesterol in the skin

D2 and D3 each is formed from a provitamin when irradiated with (exposed to) _________

ultraviolet light

D2 and D3 are ______

equally effective in human nutrition

Vitamin D is _____ and _______

heat stable and not easily oxidized

Vitamin D is converted to a?

hormone

promotes _________ and _________ absorption in the body for normal bone and tooth growth

calcium and phosphorus

mineralization to occur and prevents __________

tetany (involuntary muscle movement)

tetany

involuntary muscle movement

best source of Vitamin D?

Sunlight ; which changes a provitamin to vitamin D3 in humans

best food sources of vitamin D

milk, fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter, and fortified margarin

Vitamin D levels are given as ____________

Adequate Intake (AI)

Hypervitaminosis D

must be avoided because it can cause deposits of calcium and phosphorus in soft tissues, kidney and heart damage, and bone fragility

vitamin D deficiency inhibits the absorption of ___________

calcium and phosphorus in the small intestine and results in poor bone and tooth formation.

Vitamin D deficiency in children may develop?

rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in adults may develop?

osteomalacia (softening of bones)

osteoporosis

brittle, porous bones

Vitamin E

Tocopherols and Tocotrienols

Vitamin E is an __________ aided by vitamin C and the mineral selenium

antioxidant

Vitamin E is found helpful in the

prevention of hemolytic anemia among premature infants

Vitamin E enhances the __________

immune system

Vitamin E is used in commercial food products to _______

retard spoilage

Best sources of Vitamin E

Vegetable oils made from corn, soybean, safflower, and cottonseed and products made from them, such as margarine

wheat germ, nuts, and green leafy vegetables

the vitamin E requirement __________ if the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet ______________

increases

Vitamin E appears to be relatively ______

nontoxic

Excess Vitamin E is stored in?

adipose tissue

____________ is detected in premature, low birthweight infants and in patients who are unable to absorb fat normally (Vit. E)

Deficiency

___________ can cause serious neurological defects in children, but in adults, it takes __________ before deficiency symptoms occur

malabsorption
5 to 10 years

Vitamin K is absorbed from the _________

small intestine and slightly from the colon

Vitamin K1

phylloquinone

Vitamin K2

menaquinone

Phylloquinone is found in?

green leafy vegetables such as spinach and in animal tissue

Menaquinone is synthesized in the?

intestine by bacteria and is also found in animal tissue

Synthetic Vitamin K

menadione

Menadione is essential for the formation of ______

prothrombin

___________________may be given to newborns immediately after birth because human milk contains little __________

Vitamin K

Vitamin K may be given to patients who

suffer from faulty fat absorption

Vitamin K may be given to patients after

extensive antibiotic therapy

Vitamin K can be also act as an

antidote for an overdose of anticoagulant (blood thinner such as or to treat cases of hemorrhage

___________ milk is much better source of Vitamin K than Human Milk

Cow’s milk

Vitamin K is provided in AIs and measured in __________

micrograms ( μg )

Vitamin K must be ingested ______

daily
what is absorbed today will be utilized immediately with very little storage in the liver

ingestion of excessive amounts of synthetic vitamin K can be toxic and can cause a form of ______________

anemia

the only major sign of a deficiency of vitamin K is _____________

defective blood coagulation

__________________ may be caused by faulty fat metabolism, antacids, antibiotic therapy, inadequate diet, or anticoagulants

human deficiency

also known as Ascorbic Acid

Vitamin C

it is absorbed in the small intestine and considered nontoxic

Vitamin C

prevents scurvy, an iron enhancer and believed to reduce the severity of colds

Vitamin C

has an important role in the formation of collagen proteins that are the primary structural component of connective tissues

Vitamin C

has antioxidant properties and protects foods from oxidation, and it is required for all cell metabolism

Vitamin C

Vitamin C may be involved with the formation or functioning of __________, some amino acids, folate, leukocytes (white blood cells), the immune system, and allergic reactions
it can reduce cancer risk in some cases by reducing nitrites in foods

norepinephrine

Best sources of Vitamin C

citrus fruits, melon, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, red and green peppers, cabbage, and broccoli.

Vitamin C is measured in?

milligrams (mg)

an average female adult requires _________a day (Vitamin C)

75 mg

an average male _________. (Vitamin C)
In times of stress, the need is increased.

90 mg

cigarette smokers are advised to ingest _________ a day.

125 mg or more

Excessive absorption of Vitamin C

can cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, an excessive absorption of food iron, rebound scurvy (when megadoses are stopped abruptly), and possibly oxalate kidney stones

Vitamin C deficiency

bleeding gums, loose teeth, tendency to bruise easily, poor wound healing, and, ultimately scurvy

Vitamin B Complex

thiamine

riboflavin

niacin

pantothenic acid

pyridoxine

biotin

folic acid

cobalamin

A coenzyme, absorbed in the small intestine and essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

also essential to nerve and muscle action

is found in many foods, but generally in small quantities

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Vitamin B1

Thiamine

daily thiamine requirement for the average adult female is ________mg a day

1.1 mg

daily thiamine requirement for the average adult male it is ______mg a day

1.2

an increase in calories increases the need for _______

thiamine

Vitamin B1 deficiency symptoms

loss of appetite, fatigue, nervous irritability, and constipation

an extreme deficiency causes

beriberi

• its deficiency is rare, however, occurring mainly among alcoholics

• others at risk include renal clients undergoing long term dialysis , clients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for weight loss, and those who eat primarily rice

beriberi

frequent consumption of large amounts of raw fish could cause ___________

thiamine deficiency