MLSP111 PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PRACTICE 1

A comprehensive set of practice-style questions (Question and Answer format) covering major topics from the lecture notes on the history, organization, ethics, curriculum, professional practice, safety, epidemiology, and health care waste related to Medical Technology (MT/MLS).

Who is known as the Father of Medicine and what diagnostic practices did he advocate?

Hippocrates; tasting urine, listening to the lungs, and observing outward appearances in diagnosing disease.

What are the four humors identified by Hippocrates and Galen?

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

What does the term uroscopy or water casting refer to?

Observing urine in a decorative flask for color, density, and quality as part of diagnosis.

Who invented the stethoscope and in what year?

Rene Laennec, 1816.

Who devised the first practical microscope for medical purposes?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

What visual diagnostic device did Herman von Helmholtz contribute to in 1850?

Ophthalmoscope.

Who invented the laryngoscope and what was its purpose?

Manuel Garcia; to observe the throat and larynx (1855).

Who discovered X-rays and when?

Wilhelm Roentgen; 1859.

Which physician developed the electrocardiograph, and when?

William Einthoven; 1903.

What is the Kenny Method and its significance?

Elizabeth Kenny’s polio treatment using hot packs and muscle manipulation, 1910.

What was the Drink respirator used for and by whom?

Philip Drinker; 1927 to aid respiration in paralytic poliomyelitis.

What is cardiac catheterization and angiography, and who made it possible?

Visualization of heart and vessels by inserting a cannula and injecting radiopaque dye; Cournand, 1941.

What is the significance of the electron microscope and tomography/MRI in MT history?

Advanced visualization of small cells/tissues; tomography and MRI developed with computers for medical research.

When and where did William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine operate in the US MT history?

University of Pennsylvania, 1895.

Who published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians and when?

John Kolmer, 1918.

What organization was founded in 1922 to establish ethics for MTs?

ASCP – American Society for Clinical Pathology.

When did licensure for medical technologists begin in the US, and what government recognition followed?

1950; professional recognition through licensure laws.

What is RA 5527 and what does it regulate?

Medical Technology Act of 1969; defines the practice of medical technology and the MT scope.

What are the two main MT roles defined under RA 5527?

Medical Technologist (registered to perform tests under supervision) and pathologist supervision in certain settings.

Who is considered the ‘Father of PAMET’ and what organization did he help found?

Crisanto Almario; founder of PAMET (Philippines Association of Medical Technologists, Inc.).

What is PAMET and when was it organized?

National organization of MTs in the Philippines; organized September 15, 1963.

When was PAMET formally recognized as the MT professional organization by the PRC, and what law followed?

PD 223, May 24, 1975; PAMET recognized; PRC accreditation followed.

What is PASMETH and when was its first organizational meeting held?

Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health; first meeting June 22, 1970 at UST.

Name two founding member schools of PASMETH.

UST and FEU (also CEU, SJDEFI, PWU, MMC among initial members).

What is the PASMETH insignia supposed to symbolize?

Circle (continuity of learning), Diamond (four objectives), Microscope (MT field), and other symbols representing MT/Public Health.

What are the core values associated with PAMET?

Integrity, Professionalism, Commitment, Excellence, Unity.

What is the PAMET Vision and Mission?

Vision: advance the Medical Laboratory Science profession; Mission: uphold core values, develop programs, collaborate with stakeholders.

What is PHISMETS and when was it organized?

Philippine Society of Medical Technology Students; organized under PASMETH in 2002; reorganized 2006; first student congress 2009.

What is the approximate total internship exposure for BS MT/ MLS as listed in the notes, and how many hours does it total?

1664 internship hours per year; 32 duty hours per week; 52 weeks equals 1664 hours.

What is the required licensure body for MTs in the Philippines and how often are the exams held?

Professional Regulation Commission (PRC); twice a year (e.g., March and August).

What are the general MT curriculum components listed under CHED/TCMET for BS MT/ MLS?

General Education (24 units), Core Courses (25 units), Professional Courses (65 units), Research (5), Clinical Internship (28); total 173 units.

What is the minimum MT licensure requirement related to education and board exams in the Philippines, including the year of RA 5527, PDs, and other acts?

Licensure by PRC; RA 5527 (MT Law); PD 223 (PRC accreditation); DOH regulations; professional regulation and ethics are governed by PRC in the MT field.

What is the role of PAMET in the Philippines MT profession?

National MT organization for MTs; coordinates with PASMETH; sets standards, ethics, and continuing education support.

What is the difference between a Medical Technologist (MT) and a Medical Laboratory Technician (MLT) per the notes?

MTs are registered professionals with a BS MT/ MLS and license; MLTs are assistants/ technicians who support MTs and are registered/licensed under MT regulations.

Name at least two MT-related professional/credentialing bodies listed in the notes outside the Philippines.

ASCP (American Society for Clinical Pathology); AMT (American Medical Technologists).

What is the purpose of the National Reference Laboratory (NRL-DOH) in the Philippines MT system?

External quality assurance program and proficiency testing; contributes to license renewal criteria.

What is RA 4688 and what does it regulate?

Act regulating the operation and maintenance of clinical laboratories and requiring DOH registration; specifies licensing and penalties.

What is the purpose of Administrative Order AO 59 S.2001 in the MT field?

Rules governing establishment, operation, and maintenance of clinical laboratories, including licensing, inspections, and penalties.

What is classified as a Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary clinical laboratory in the DOH rules, and what capabilities differentiate them?

Primary: basic capabilities (CBC, urinalysis); Secondary: adds routine chemistry; Tertiary: includes special chemistry, immunology/serology, microbiology, etc.

What are the two types of clinical laboratories by institutional character?

Hospital-based laboratories and non-hospital-based laboratories.

What is the difference between Internal and External Quality Control in the DOH guidelines?

Internal QC: day-to-day competency and method checks; External QC: proficiency testing by National Reference Labs; renewal depends on performance.

What are some of the key professional roles listed under the 'Roles & Responsibilities of MT Professionals'?

Perform clinical lab tests, ensure accuracy, maintain confidentiality, collaborate, conduct research, and promote health programs.

Name two essential safety practices highlighted for the MT lab environment.

Use PPE, proper handling of reagents, hand hygiene, and avoid mouth pipetting; wear lab coats; safety showers/eyewashes.

What does the term biosafety cabinet (BSC) protective levels mean in MT labs?

BSC levels (Class I, II, III) provide increasing containment and protection for handling infectious materials; Class II most common.

What is the NFPA 704 diamond used for in labs?

Hazard identification system with blue (health), red (flammability), yellow (stability), white (special info) and a number for severity.

Define biorisk management in one sentence as described in the AMP model.

A system to assess, mitigate, and monitor risks associated with biological agents and toxins in labs.

What are the three components of the AMP model?

Assessment, Mitigation, and Performance.

List the five steps of a basic laboratory risk assessment as per the notes.

Identify hazards, identify activities causing exposures, consider personnel, evaluate/prioritize risks, implement controls and assess effectiveness.

What are the WHO risk groups for infectious agents used in labs?

Four risk groups (1-4) based on hazard and transmissibility; higher numbers indicate greater risk.

What are the four phases of epidemic/pandemic response described in the notes?

Introduction/emergence, Localized outbreak, Amplification (epidemic/pandemic), Reduced transmission.

What is the term for the rapid spread of information and rumors during outbreaks, and how should it be managed?

Infodemic; manage via risk communication, surveillance of misinformation, and timely, accurate information.

What is the difference between direct and indirect transmission mentioned in the notes?

Direct: person-to-person contact or droplets; Indirect: via vehicles, vectors, or airborne particles.

What is a 'portal of exit' and 'portal of entry' in infectious disease terms?

Portal of exit is how the pathogen leaves the host; portal of entry is how it enters a new host (e.g., respiratory, GI, skin).

What is the general purpose of health care waste management in MT labs?

To categorize, segregate, transport, treat, and dispose of waste safely to protect health and the environment.

Name one example of infectious health care waste and one example of chemical waste.

Infectious: cultures, used PPE; Chemical: unused reagents or disinfectants.

What are the four categories of health care waste mentioned?

Infectious, Pathological/Anatomical, Sharps, Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Radioactive, and General waste.

What is the DOH requirement regarding license display in a clinical laboratory?

The MT license must be posted in a conspicuous location within the lab.

What is the purpose of Code of Ethics for MTs in the Philippines?

To guide professional conduct, ensure integrity, confidentiality, fairness, and accountability.

Who is considered the head of a clinical laboratory in MT practice?

A pathologist or a physician certified in laboratory medicine; in areas without a pathologist, a trained physician can head a primary/secondary lab.

What is the function of the DOH-BHFS in MT lab regulation?

Enforce RA 4688; license to operate; inspect labs; ensure safety and quality standards.

What is the recommended minimum number of MTs per shift in a hospital-based MT lab?

At least one registered MT per shift.

Which MT professional organization coordinates CPD for MTs in the Philippines?

PAMET with PASMETH contributing to CPD governance.

What are the three MT-related organizations listed as CPD providers in the Philippines?

PAMET, PASMETH, and other institutions like RITM, NRL-SLH/SACCL, UST, FEU-NRMF, etc.

What is the typical MT internship cap per year and the total for the program?

Total 1664 hours; 32 hours per week for 52 weeks; 2x8-hour or 4x8-hour weekly schedules.

What is the purpose of the Clinical Laboratory manual and SOPs in DOH rules?

To ensure standardized, safe, and quality laboratory procedures and training.

Identify two major components of clinical laboratory testing cycle described in MT notes.

Pre-analytic (specimen collection), Analytic (actual testing), Post-analytic (reporting).

What is the legal implication of not having a DOH/CHD license for a clinical laboratory?

Operating without a license is illegal and subject to penalties and potential closure.

What is the role of the MT in clinical specimen handling and reporting according to the notes?

Log specimens, perform tests, ensure accuracy, report results to physicians; maintain confidentiality.

What is the role of the Public Health sector during disasters in MT context?

Public health coordinates with lab testing, epidemiology, containment, and sample transport to reference labs.

What does the term ‘carriers’ refer to in epidemiology?

Infectious individuals who can transmit the pathogen but may be asymptomatic or latent.