World Civilization First Screen Final

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

• State in Italy

• Emerged from the combination of the Dutch of Savoy in 1720

• Key player in the Italian unification movement

• Leadership of Course of Savoy

  • King Victor Emmanuel II

  • Count Camillo di Cavour

    • Maneuvering and alliance with France under Napoleon III

• Annexation of Lombardy following the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859

• 1860 = Giuseppe Garibaldi’s Expedition of the Thousand

  • Led to annexation of Sicily and Naples to the kingdom

• 1861 = Victor Emmanuel III proclaimed himself the first King of Italy

  • Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia forming the basis for the new Italian state

  • Capital of Piedmont became the first capital of unified Italy before it moved to Florence and then Rome

King Charles Albert

• Born on October 2, 1798

• Refined as Kind of Sardinia from 1831-1849

  • Abdication in 1849

• Known as the Risorgimento in Italian unification movement

• Inclined towards liberal and nationalist ideas

• Implemented a constitutional monarchy

• He declared war on the Austrian Empire in March 1848, seeking to liberate Italian territories under Austrian control

  • Faced defeat in 1849 and then was abdicated

King Victor Emmanuel II

• Born March 14, 1820

• Reigned as King of Sardine from 1849-1861

• First King of Italy from 1861-1878

  • Died in 1878

• Succeed father Charles Albert in 1849

• Continued efforts of his father of unifying Italy

• Allied with Fracas in 1859 and fought against Austria in the Second Italian War of Independence

• 1860 = Supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand, which led to the annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

• March 17, 1861 = Proclaimed the First King of Italy following a national referendum unifying various Italian states

Pope Puis IX

• Head of the Catholic Church from 1846-1878

  • 31 years

• Began as a papacy earning support from liberals and progressives

  • Became more conservative over time

• Rejected the principle of liberalism and constitutionalism in 1848 leading to conflicts with the emerging Italian nationalist movement

• 1864 = issued Syllabus of Errors

  • Condemned various modern ideologies, including liberalism, nationalism, socialism, and religious pluralism

• Most contentious decision is 1870

  • Refused to recognize the new Italic state and considered himself a “prisoner of the Vatican”

• Convened the First Vatican Council in 1869-1870

  • Defined the doctrine of papal infallibility, asserting that under certain conditions, the pope is preserved from error when solemnly defining matters of faith or morals

National Workshops

• Undertaken during the French Second Republic in 1848

• Part of the government’t response to rising unemployment and social unrest following the February revolution in 1848

• Led by Louis Blanc

  • Socialist politician and journalist

• Provide employment opportunities for the unemployed by creating public works projects and industrial workshops

• “Right to work”

• Challenges:

  • Demand for employment far exceeded the available resources

  • Inefficiencies and budgetary strains

• Suppression came after June Days Uprising

Louis Napoleon III

• Nephew of Napoleon I

• First President of France from 1848-1852

• Emperor of France from 1852-1870

• Overthrew the July Monarchy and established the French Second Republic

• Won by a landslide in election

  • Capitalized on famous name

• As president he pursued policies aimed at strengthening his own positions and consolidating power

  • Social stability

  • Economic prosperity

• 1851 = coup d’état by dissolving the National Assembly and seizing dictatorial powers

• 1852 = new constitution establish the Second French Empire

• As emperor continued to pursue modernization and economic development

  • Launched rebuild of Paris

• Foreign policy

  • conflicts as the Crimean War and Italy Wars of Unification

• Franco-Purssian War led to downfall

  • Defeat at Battle of Sedan in 1870 he was captured

  • Collapse of Second Empire sparked the establishment of the Paris Commune

    • Paved the way fro proclamation of the French Third Republic

• Spend rest of life in exile and died in 1873

Frankfurt Parliament

• Frankfurt National Assembly

• Aftermath of March Revolution of 1848

• Aimed at drafting a constitution of a united German nation and providing a framework for liberal reforms

• Delegates were the 820 wealthy men that showed up

• Debated various proposals and drafter a constitution know as the Frankfurt Constitution

  • Provisions for a parliamentary system

  • Freedom of speech, press, and assembly

  • Abolition of feudal privileges

• Struggle to gain acceptance and legitimacy due to the lack of guns and money

  • Just words

• Tired to get Prussia to back them, but they refused

• Failed in 1849, but set groundwork for future unification

Karl Marx

• German philosopher, economist, sociologist, political theorist, and revolutionary socialist

• Born on May 5, 1818

• Idea influenced the developments of scaliest and communist movements

• Became involved with Young Hegelians

  • Radial intellectuals who critiqued Hegelian philosophy from a left-wing perspective

• Moved to Paris and met Friedrich Engels

• Communist Manifesto

  • Outlines theories of historical materialism, class snuggles, and revolutionary overthrow of capitalism by the proletariat

  • Called for worked of the world to untie and overthrow the capitalist system, leading to the establishment of classless society based on common ownership of the means of production (communism)

• Das Kapital (Capital)

  • Three volumes (1867-1894)

  • Laid out his critique of capitalism and its inherent contradictions

  • Capitalism leads to the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few capitalist, while the majority of the population is exploited and oppressed

• Impact on socialist and communist movements around the world

• Sparked debate and controversy

• dies on March, 1883 in London where he was exiled too much of his adult life

• Ideas shaped the course of history in the 20th century

Otto Von Bismarck

• 1815-1898

• Served as Prime Minister of Prussia from 1862-1890

• First Chancellor of the German Empire from 1871-1890

  • Crowned at the Palace of Versailles

• Realpolitik

  • Pragmatic approach to politics focusing on practical rather then ideological considerations

  • “Politics is the art of the possible”

• Most significant achievement= unification of Germany

  • Victories in Denmark, Austria, and France

• Implemented a centralized government, created modern welfare, and promoted industrialization

• Foreign policy at maintaining peace and stability in Europe while securing Germany’s position as a mow power

• Three Emperor’s League/Triple Alliance

• Anti-catholic and anti-socialists

  • Banned Social Democratic Party and Kulturkampf

Count Camillo Cavour

• 1810-1861

• Entered politics and became known for his liberal views and support for economic and political reform

• Prime Minister in 1852

• Political vision centered around the idea of modernizing and strengthening Piedmont-Sardinia and lead the Italian states to unification

• Secured the support of France for the cause of Initialing unification

  • Franco-Sardinian alliance

    • Brought defeat of the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859

• Orchestrated the unification of the states that joined Piedmont-Sardinia

  • Laid groundwork for united Italy

Reichstag (German Empire 1871-1918)

• Lower house of parliament

• Represented the people

• Elected through universal male suffrage

• Limited power

Crimean War

• 1853-1856

• Fight between several European powers primarily fought in Crimean Peninsula

• Russian Empire vs. Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, Sardinia and more

• Factors:

  • Eastern Question: power struggles and territorial disputes in Eastern Europe

    • Ottoman Empire declining and ambitions of Russia and other European powers

    • Expansion of Russia would through off balance of power in Europe and other great powers

  • Religious and Territorial Disputes: Ottoman Empire has serval territories with diverse religious and ethic populations including Orthodox Christians. Russia is the protector of Orthodox Christians and claims the right to intervene in the affairs of the Ottoman Empire to protect the interest of fellow Orthodox believers. Led to tensions and conflicts in Holy Land (Palestine) and Danubian Principalities (modern- day Romania)

  • Control of the Holy Land: control of Jerusalem and other parts of Holy Land was an issue between Orthodox Christin, Catholic, and Muslim communities. Russia and France both wanted Christian pilgrims and maintaining influence region leading to tensions with the Ottoman Empire

  • Pretext for War: Dispute over the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land provided immediate pretest for the outbreak of hostilities. France and Russia both sought to assert their influence

• War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1856

  • Reaffirmed Ottoman territorial integrity, establish the neutrally of the Black Sea, address some of the boarder issues

• Marked the beginning of the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the emergence of Italy and Germany

Junker

• A member of the land nobility or gentry in Prussia and Germany

• Members of the rural aristocracy especially those who owned large estates or estates worked by tenant farmers

• Played significant role in the formation and governance of the German Empire

  • Conservative and militaristic views

  • Held influence in the Prussian military and bureaucracy

• Played prominent positions in society and government

  • Serving officers in the Prussian army

  • Influential roles in government administration

  • Major landowners, controlling vast agricultural estates and exerting significant economic and political power in rural areas

• Aimed at maintaining the power and privileges of the aristocracy

• Strong proponents of the militarism

• Advocated for expansionist polices

• Influence wanted with the abolition of the monarchy in Germany

• Estates redistributed or broken up following World War II

Kaiser Wilhelm

• Wilhelm II

• German Empire and King of Prussian from 1888-1918

• Born on January 27, 1859

• Ascended to the throne following the death of father

• Reign was marked by complex mix of military ambition, erratic diplomacy, and personal insecurities

• Expansionist of foreign policy

• Assert Germany’s status as a global power

• Contributed to escalating tension in Europe that erupted in World War I

• Leadership in World War I marked by misjudgments and strategic blunders

  • Defeat for Germany

• Abdicated from the throne after the German revolution in 1918 and exiled to the Netherlands

William I

• King of Prussia from 1861-1888

• First Emperor of German from 1871-1888

• Born March 22, 1797

• Reign saw significant political and military developments

• Austro-Prussian War 1866

  • Seven Week’s War

  • Victory for Prussia

  • Formation of the North German Confederation

• Franco-Prussia War 1870-1871

  • Prussian viceroy over France

  • Engineered by chancellor Otto von Bismarck

    • Proclaimed German Empire at the Palace of Versailles in 1871

• Symbol of German unity and strength

• Died on March 9, 1888

  • Son, Frederick III, took over for 99 day before he died

  • Grandson, Wilhelm II, then reigned

Sickness Insurance Law

• 1883

• Health Insurance Law/Social Security Law

• Enacted during reign of Emperor Wilhelm I in Germany

• Provide basic level of health care and financial protection for workers in Germany

  • Established a compulsory health insurance system for certain categories of workers including industrial and agricultural workers, artisan, and other employees who earned below a certain income threshold

• Workers and employees were required to contribute to fund that provided sickness benefits

• Key provisions:

  • Compulsory participation: both workers and employees were obliged to participate with a contributions based on percentage of wages

  • Benefits: workers who fell ill were entitled to receive medal treatment as well as cash benefits to replace lost wages during sickness

  • Insurance associations: sickness insurance associations were established to administer the funds and provide services to insured workers

  • Government oversight: the government played a role in regulating and overseeing the sickness insurance system ensuring that it operated effectively and efficiently

• Set precedent for other contras to establish similar social insurance programs

Secretary of State William Seward

• United Secretary of State 1861-1869 under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson

• Acquired Alaska from Russia in 1867

• Free soil republican

• Kept European powers from recognizing the Confederacy

Prime Minister Lord Palmerston

• 2 terms as Prime Minister

  • 1855-1858 and 1859-1865

• Maintain the balance of power in Europe while expanding British influence overseas

• Cotton Diplomacy

  • Pressure Britain into providing diplomatic recognition and potentially military support to the Confederacy

    • Trying to avoid direct involvement, but continue to get cotton

• Trent Affair

  • 1861

  • Union warship intercepted a British mail steamer, the Trent, and removed two Confederate diplomats who were traveling to Europe to seek support for the Confederacy

  • Diplomatic crisis between US and Britain

  • Demanded an apology and realizes of the Confederate diplomats

    • Threatened war if demands weren’t met

• Gave arms and supplies to both Union and Confederacy, but essential supplies reach the Confederacy

Antietam Creek, Maryland

• September 17, 1862

• Bloodies single- day battle in American history

  • 11,000 casualties on both sides

• Robert E. Lee asked for permission to invade Maryland

  • He gets Maryland, he can then get DC, and now confederacy has blown up the Union government

• George B. McClellan and Robert E. Lee run into each other at Antietam Creek

• No one leaves, but Union stoped Lee’s advancement and the Confederacy retreats

• Boosted the Northern morale and encouraged European powers to reconsidered the recognition of the Confederacy

Emancipation Proclamation

• 1863

• Proclaimed all enslaved people in the Confederacy would be free on January 1, 1863

  • Not the whole US, only the confederacy

• Was given after the Battle of Antietam Creek, Maryland

  • Lincoln had a win to finally present this document

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

• July 1-3, 1863

• George G. Maede and Robert E. Lee at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

  • South-central PA

  • Farm land

  • Stone wall that the North gets

• Largest battle ever fought in North America

• Bloodiest 3 day battle in the Western Hemisphere

• 46,000 Americans dead

• Union victory

• Gettysburg Address given November 1863

  • Dedicated the land to the soldiers, living or dead, for the battle

  • Unions commitment to the principals of liberty and equality enshrined in the Declaration of Independence

General William T. Sherman

• Union army officer

• Born on February 8, 1820

• Attended West Point and graduated in 1840

• Appointed colonel in Union Army

• Major battles: Battle of Bull Run, Siege of Vicksburg, and Chattanooga Campaign

• Atlanta Campaign

  • 1864

  • Series of battles to capture Atalanta

    • Key Confederate supply center

  • Successful on September 2, 1864

• March of the Sea

  • Led devastating campaign through the Georgia

  • Destroyed infrastructure and resources in this path

Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

• Site where General Robert E. Lee surrender to Union Ulysses S. Grant

• Terms:

  • Officers and soldiers could return to their homes and civilians can keep their private property

• Symbolized the end of the civil war and reunification of the United States

Mikhail Speranski

• Russian statesman in the late 18th century and early 19th century

• Monetize Russia’s government and society

  • Administrative reforms (ministries to related bureaucratic structure)

  • Representative assembly (political participation for the people of Russia)

• Was appointed to write first constitution (never went through)

• Faced resistance for those who didn’t want to modernize and dismissed in 1812

• Ideas influenced Russian politics and reform movements

Boyars (Russian Nobles)

• Highest ranked nobility

• Original role = military battle

• Served as advisers

• Held extensive land estate that were managed with the labor of serfs

• Granted skeptical privilege snd exemptions from taxation

• Lost its significance by the 18th century

• Important symbol

Colonel Paul Pestel

• 1793-1826

• Prominent figure in the Decembrist movement

• Served as an officer in the Russian army (reached rank of colonel)

• Involved in secret societies that advocated for political reforms in Russia

  • Needed to undergo political and social change to modernized and become a more just society

• Led Decembrist rebellion in St. Petersburg

  • Was arrested after uprising

• Founded guilty of treason and sentenced to death

  • Hung on July 25, 1826

Chattel Servus (Latin)

• Type of slavery where individuals are treated as personal property and can be bought, sold, or inherited

• No legal rights

• Property of their owners

• Chattel = moveable personal property

• Servus = slave

• Harsh living and working conditions

Decembrist Revolt, 1825

• Early attempt at political reform and opposition to autocratic rule of the Russian Empire

• December 14, 1825

  • After death of Tsar I and succession of Nicholas I

• Decembrists = members of the Russian royalty and military who were inspired by constitutional and liberal ideas that were in Europe

• Trigger = refusal of many army officers to swear allegiance to Nicholas I upon his accession to the throne

• Revolt was peaceful in St. Petersburg

  • Marching with banners and calling for political change

• Faltered quickly due to poor coordination, indecision among leaders, and lack of broader support

• Rebellion was crushed by the tsarist forces, Decembrist leaders were arrested/sentenced to death or labor

Tsar Alexander II

• Alexander the Liberator

• Emperor of Russia from 1855-1881

• Ascender to throne after death of Nicholas I (father) during the Crimean War

  • Diverse empire facing internal and external pressures

• 1861 = Emancipation Manifesto

  • Abolished serfdom in Russia

  • Aimed to modernize Russian economy, promote social mobility, and undermine revolutionary sentiment

  • Didn’t fully address rural poverty issues and land distribution

• Establishment local self-government bodies (zemstvos), judicial reforms, military reforms, and relaxation of censorship

• Repression and political unrest

  • Increased censorship, surveillance, and use of secret police

• Assassined in 1881

  • Killed by a bomb thrown by members of terrorist organization Narodnaya Volya

Zemstvos

• Local self- government bodies in Russia

• Focus on local affairs and administration

• Zemstvo Reform of 1864

  • Decentralize administration

  • Improve governance at local level

  • Agrees some of the social and economic challenged in rural Russia

• Composed of representatives elected by nobly, peasantry, urban middle class

• Elections were indirect with voters selecting electors who voted for the Zemstvo members

• Responsibilities

  • managed local infrastructure projects

  • provided healthcare services

  • supported agricultural development

  • oversaw public health and sanitation initiatives

• Limited power in education, agriculture, and social welfare

• Important centers of civic engagement and political activity

William Gladstone (Whig/Liberal)

• 1809-1898

• Prime Minister twice (1886 and 1894)

• Leading figure of Liberal Party

• Elected as a Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party in 1832

• Known for eloquence, intellect, and passionate advocacy (trades, religious freedom and parliamentary reform)

• Implemented budgetary reform when Chancellor

• Liberal party = middle class and factory owners (wealthy commoners)

• Free trade + small government (laissez faire)

Benjamin Disraeli (Tory/Conservative)

• Central figure in Conservative Party

• Marked his success early as a novelist

• Entered politics in 1830s

• Advocated for protectionist economic politics and social reform measures

• Political ideology = “Tory Democracy”

  • emphasized paternalistic conservatism and commitment to social cohesion and national greatness

• Prime Minister (1886) = focus on domestic reforms, proactive foreign policy

• Second Reform Act of 1867

  • Laid foundation for modern British democracy

• Prime Minister (1874) = consolidated the gains of his first administration and pursued imperial expansion and prestige

• Key role in Congress of Berlin in 1878

British Reform Act of 1832

• Great Reform Act

• Redistributed parliamentary seats in the House of Commons

• Extended the franchise by increasing the number of eligible voters

  • Lower property qualifications and granted the vote to a larger segment of the male population

  • Women were still excluded from voting

• Introduced uniform voting procedure

• Established secret ballots

• Improved representation of urban and industrial interest in Parliament

  • Reflected demographic and economics changes of the time

• Left working class and lower middle class people without the right to vote leading to significant inequalities

British Reform Act of 1867

• Extended the right to vote to a leaguer segment of the male population

  • Granted voting rights to working- class men for the first time

  • Women still excluded

• Redistributed parliamentary seats to better reflect changes in population and economic activity

  • Abolished smaller boroughs

  • Redistributed seats to larger cities that had been underrepresented

• Greater representation to urban and industrial interest

  • Growth of cities and emergence of urban working- class

• Response to goring demands for pelican reform and social change

  • Inequalities in representation

British Reform Act of 1884

• Extended right to vote to a larger segment of the male population in rural areas

  • Granted rights to agricultural workers and tenant farmers

  • Increased size of electorate in rural constituencies

• Further redistributed parliamentary seats to better reflect changes in population and economic activity

  • Continued work of pervious reforms

• Greater representation to rural interests

British Reform Act of 1885

• More equitable distribution of representation in the House of Commons

• More equal-sized electoral districts

  • Ensuring each Member of Parliament represented roughly the same number of constituents

• Established mechanism for regular reviewing and adjusting electoral boundaries in account of population changes

• Didn’t significantly expand the franchise or alter qualifications for voting

  • Women got the right to votes in 1918

Bantu

• A language spoken by hundred of ethnic groups in Africa

• The people of South Africa

  • Niagara to Canyna into Southern Africa

  • Migrated people that moves very slowly

• No written language

• Non-exist political culture

• Ancestors “over there”

Mfecane

• Originated in the Zulu language and translated to “the crushing”/”the scattering”

• Time period of widespread of chaos, warfare, and migration to Southern Africa during the 19th century

• Upheaval of many African societies, displacement of populations, and the formation of new states and alliances

• Far-reaching effects on the demographics, politics, and social structures of the region

  • Led to changes in the balance of power and distribution of resources

• Factors: environmental pressures, population growth, expansion of slave trade

Zulu

• Language spoken by Dingiswayo

• Became the name oof area that was being run by Dingiswayo

• Became second part of his name

  • Europeans gave this to him

Dingiswayo

• In charge of the village from 1780-1818

• Spoke Zulu

• Started the settling down process

Usman Dan Fodio

• Launched jihad (Holy war)

• Northern African Muslim People vs. Bantu

• Brought literacy, written work, modern medicine, technology improvements, medical improvements, and Europeans word

Shaka

• Took over his brother (Dingiswayo) when he died

• Big and fit guy

• Made his en get big and fit

  • 10 miles a day of running

  • Band sandals

• Horseshoe attack

• Replaced the big swords with small stabbing sword (Iklwa)

  • Resembles the sound it makes when you stab someone and pull it out

• Ruled ¼ of Africa at one point

• Kept British and Dutch as bay

• Assassinated by brother

Khedive Ismail Pasha

• Went from the governor of Egypt to the President when Ottoman Empire size decreased

• Largesse share holder in Middle East

• Gave the British the river because they would help with the money when updating Egypt

• British not fell they have the right to move in

• Egypt becomes British colony

• People don’t like him because he gave everything to an outsider

Boer (Dutch Farmers) War

• 1899-1902

• British vs. Dutch

• Dutch farmers found gold and diamonds and British wanted them

• British won and took over Southern Africa

• Dutch could stay though

Berlin Conference (1st)

• 1881

• Split up Ottoman Empire

  • Decreased power in Africa, so now the British could move in

• Wanted to do this without fighting

Berlin Conference (2nd)

• 1884-1885

• Split up Africa

• Bismarck didn’t want a war because he was scared it would rip Germany apart

• Americans showed up here and showed interest in Africa

  • Chester Arthur and Rover Cleveland (American Delegates)

• Africans now own 5% of the continent (started at 95% 20 years ago)

Reinsurance Pact

• 1887

• 3 year deal

• France and Russia have to stay neutral if any of the 3 countries are attacked 

  • Germany attacks France = deal is off

    • Triple Alliance off as well

  • France attack Germany, Triple Alliance in play and Russia must stay neutral

  • Russia attacks Austria = deal is off

    • Triple Alliance off as well

Triple Alliance

• 1882

• Defensive alliance 

• Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary

• Permanent alliance that is designed to last until the 24th century

• Anyone attack any of the three countries the other 2 fight on their side 

• Germans naturally had Italy on their side

  • Don’t like them though 

• Austria is scared of Russia 

  • Don’t like Germany though, but know they have the treaty

• Germany doesn't like France

(French-British) Entente Cordiale

• 1904

• Friendly agreement between France and Britain 

• Away from Germany 

Triple Entente, 1907

• Russia is now involved with France and Britain alliance 

• Britain is terrified of Germany

  • Don’t usually make agreements with other countries

• Treaty Web destroyed

Schlieffen Plan

• How to win a 2 front war

• France is the immediate threat 

• Russia is the longer term threat 

• Take the whole army and attack France, destroy France, put the army on trains, get to Russia front as the Russains are just getting there

• Attack France by going through Belgium so don’t have to go through the wall France is building 

• Flaw = Britain will join due to how close they are 

  • If we get there fast enough we don’t have to worry about them Need to beat the France that fast and out beat the fastest navy in the world

Franz Ferdinand

• Archduke

• Austria

• Heir to Serbia in June 1914

• Assassinated by Serbian terrorist 

  • Happened in Sarajevo (now Bosnia)

• This was what started WWI

  • 1914 = Austria declared war on Serbia 

    • Kaiser gives blank check 

    • Russia mobilizes 

      • Kaiser tells them to stop

    • Germany declares war on Russia 

    • France declares war on Germany 

    • Britain does nothing

Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph

• 1830-1916

• Emperor 1848-1916

• King of Hungry 1867-1916

• Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

  • Transformed Austrian Empire to dual monarchy

• Nationalist movements among various ethnic groups

• Assassination of nephew (Frank Ferdinand)

• Suicide of his son

• Assassination of wife

• Succeeded grandnephew Charles I

• Marked end of Habsburg dynasty

Treaty of Brest-Litocsk

• March 1918

• Russian and Germany meet 

• Russia was moved East 

• Ukraine becomes an independent country from Russia 

• Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania are also independent country from Russia 

• This is what would have happened if Germany won the war against Russia 

• Not a two front war anymore (Eastern front was won)

• This happens as the US is showing up 

President Woodrow Wilson

• President of the US during the civil war 

• Elected from NJ

• Born and raised in VA on the verge of the civil war 

• Dad = minster

  • See world in black and white 

• Liberal 

• Was one of the “Big Four”

• 14 Points

  • Creation on League of Nations (point 14)

    • Permanent peace keeping body 

    • Stop war before it starts

  • All countries to reduce sizes of army, navy, and air force

    • Winners and losers

    • France doesn’t like this

  • No secret treaties 

  • Free trade 

    • No blockades, no submarines that can sink boats 

    • Both during war and no war time 

    • Britain isn’t going to like this 

  • No colonization 

    • Sounds like no imperialism

  • Germany loves the 14 points

  • Hardest part of the 14 points is making everyone happy 

  • France will agree if anyone attack the French, America will get on boats and help the France

    • If this doesn’t happen then he says no the League of Nations 

  • 14 points doesn’t go through

Alexander Kerensky

• Russia = republic (1917) under his leadership

  • Republic didn’t last long 

• Now fight democratic vs. republic

David Lloyd George

• 1863-1945

• Prime Minister of Britain during WW1

• One of the “Big Four”

• Didn’t like the blockade part of the 14 points

  • That was how they won wars

Georges Clemenceau

• Prime Minster of France during WW1

• One of the “Big Four”

• Didn’t like that all countries had to reduce their armies and navies in the 14 points

• Would only sign the 14 points and League of Nations if the US signed a document saying in France was ever under attack they would hop on ships and come fight on their side

Vittorio Orlando

• Prime Minister of Italy during WW1

• One of the “Big Four”

• Had very little influence in the conversation due to internal problems in his country

Danzig/Gdansk

• Within the 14 points say Poland should come back and needs a port 

  • They need this because they are landlocked 

• Gdansk/Danzig = big port 

• Poland is surrounded by Germany with a small strip of land to port 

• Poland’s loved this, Germany hated this

Province of Alsace

• What the Germans get forever 

• War guilt clause 231

  • Germany is completely 100% to blame for the war and have to pay 

• Who is to blame 

  • Allies = Germany 100%

  • Not true, it should be Serbia 

  • Everyone has some blame 

• Nobody want to break up Germany because they are all scared of the Soviet Union 

• Germany loses smaller sliver of land 

  • Alsace 

  • Goes back and forward throughout time

Mandate System

• Mechanism established my League of Nations

• 3 classes

  • Class A

    • Territories that were deemed ready for self- government

      • Syria and Lebeanon

        • Placed under French and Britain administration

  • Class B

    • Required a longer period of preparation before achieving self-government

      • German colonies in Africa and the Pacific

        • Administered by various Allied powers

  • Class C

    • Territories that consider unlikely to achieve self- government in the foreseeable future

      • Administered power given considerable control over their governance and resources

• Intend to balance the interest of the victorious Allied powers with the principle of self- determination

• Led to colonialism and exploitation

• Early attempt at international governance and cooperation

• Replaced by the United Nations Trusteeship Council after WW2

Arthur Balfour

• Foreign Secretary

• November 1917 (3 years into the war) = British approves Zionism 

• Moves European Jews and put them in the Middle East 

  • Foothold to British imperialism 

• US on board with 14 points 

• Orlando approves/supports

• French don’t approve

• Weaken the turks 

• Problem: they don’t have the land to give and there are people already there

  • No borders in the Middle East in 1914

  • Jews are the minority in Palestine 

  • Muslsim Arabs are the majority

Theodor Herzl

• Aurstain, Journalist, Leader of the Zionist movement

• The Jewish State

• Pogrom: is formally organized attack on Jews

  • Fell on easter 

    • Best way to celebrate the life and death of Jesus

  • Only in Eastern Europe

    • Anti Semitism all across Europe

  • By Russian Orthodox Church 

  • Jews survive = don’t fight back

• By 1880’s Jews want out of Europe 

• Zionist Movement 

  • Return to Jerusalem

Sultan Mehmed V

• Reigned in the Ottoman Empire from 1909-1918

• Faced pressure from the Allied Powers who wanted to weaken the Ottoman Empire

• Witness internal strife with ethnic groups

Damascus Protocol

• May 30, 1915

• Between Arab nationalists with support of Arab leaders and intellectuals

• Aimee to secure the independence and unity of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire from Turkish rule

• Main points:

  • Mutual cooperation between the Arab nationalist groups in their struggle against Ottoman rule

  • The recognition of the principle of Arab independence and unity, which would be achieved through armed revolt against the Ottomans

  • Support for the establishment of an Arab state encompassing the territories of Greater Syria (modern-day Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine), Iraq, and the Arabian Peninsula

• Not fulfilled due to Skye’s-Picot Agreement

Sykes-Picot Agreement

• 1916

• Secret agreement between with French, Russian, and British on how they are going to split up the Middle East and who is going to get what

• Russian quits war and Lebanon start to publicize the secrets 

  • Wilsosn hates secret agreements 

• Final answer: go back to the way that they split up Africa = mandates

Hussain Bin Ali, Sherif of Mecca

• 1854-1931

• Biological descent Muhammaned 

• Arab’s realized they are the majority and have the numbers

  • Have the numbers to fight turks for independence

Abdullah Bin Huessein

• Holds power

• Middle son 

• King of Transjordan 

  • Palestine, Rails and Tans Jordan 

• But has a mandate

  • Told by British

Faisl Bin Huessein

• Youngest son 

• Made a promise with dad and I want my piece 

• Showed up with British advisors in Versailles

• Wilson meets with him and gives him a mandate 

• King of Iraq (1920-1933)

  • English is still in charge

Bolsheviks

• 1 party of the Social Democratic Labor Party

• Majority

Mensheviks

• 1 party of the Social Democratic Labor Party

• Minority

• Hard core

• Marxist

Sergi Witte

• First Prime Minter

• Chosen by Tsar

• Not part of a party

• Attracted to foraging capital to boost Russia’s industrilization

“Black Hundreds”

• Ultra nationalist, far right organizations in the Russian Empire

• 1905-1917

• Found by Pavel Krushevan

• Attacked Jews

  • Blamed everything on them

• Opposed to political reforms, democracy, and any form of socialism or liberalism

• Lost support when the Russian Empire fell and the Soviet Union was established in 1917

Grigori Resputuin

• No political position 

• Spiritual advisor to the royal family 

• Soldiers are hired and fired if he likes him

• Problem 

• Everyone but Nicolas and Alexander believe that he needs to go 

  • Royal generals decide to take him to a dinner in the woods 

    • Arsenic in his wine

      • That doesn't work 

    • Shoot him 3ish times

    • Put in the water and floats away 

      • Found body 2 days later

    • Russia still remains a problem

St. Pertersburg

• Shipping port

• Where the connection to the outside world was

• Protest meeting

  • Convince all workers that Tsar wants to hear what the commons want 

  • Write document to send to the government

    • Votes, minimum wage 

  • March down Winter Palace 

  • Tsar calls open fire, people killed or imprisoned 

  • Strikes breakout 

    • Call themselves Soviets and strike unless they get what they want 

  • Tsar realize they are on the bend of a revolution 

Vladimir Lenin

• Lives outside of Russia talking to radicals 

• Willing to meet behind close doors

• Small group that falls within his party lines

• Come to St. Petersburg out of exile

• Announce he is in charge 

• Sidekick = Leon Trotsky 

• Stops fighting in WW1

  • Called quitters

• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

  • Trosky organized this and comes away with a bad treaty 

• Come through with everything they said they would do

New Economic Policy (NEP)

• 1921

• Ending of civil war 

• Capitalism 

  • Pay taxes and buy stuff with the rest 

• Pay taxes in kind since there is no hard currency (10%) 

  • Give what you have 

    • Pigs, wheat, ect…

  • Distribute to ports and parts of the other countries 

• Lenin not Capitalist, he is Communist 

• Not permanent capitalism, it is a detour to get to pure communism

• Only for farmers

Leon Trotsky

• Vladimir Lenin sidekick

• Leading fighter in the Bolshevik’s

  • On the Red’s side of civil war

• Ideas and positions clashed with Stalin

• Outmaneuvered Stalin and expelled the Communist Party in 1927 and exiled Soviet Union in 1929

• Assassinated in 1940

Ruhr Valley

• 1923

• Germany announces they are bankrupt and can’t pay money back to the countries they borrowed money from 

• Treaty in 1919 is gone 

• Can’t fight back on French invasion 

  • Passively resist

    • No fighting, but don’t go to work

    • Government will pay your salary  

      • Have no money, can’t borrow anymore from anywhere

      • Decided to print more = monopoly money (no amount connected to it) 

        • Devalued -> inflation 

        • Take money out of the bank because the government can have it and the it is devalued by the second 

• Peaceful invasion 

  • France has to pay for everything that would happen if there was war 

    • US doesn’t like this because that money isn’t going to Wall Street

• This economy can bring a revolution if someone comes in with a good idea of how to change it

  • US steps in

(Charles G.) Dawes Plan

• 1924

• Loan Germany 200 million dollars from American banks 

• Stays for 6 months

• While money is there, the young men have to do work for infrastructure 

• After 6 months, money then sent to a different country

  • Investment

• After hit every country, goes back to Wall Street then bumped back to Wall Street

• Plan works

Locarno, Switzerland

• 1925

• Geneva Switzerland

• Labour Party (Britain)

  • Working class, center left party 

  • Ramsay MacDonald

    • First Prime Minister of party

• Germany joined league of nations

  • Stop messing with Western Border 

  • Stop fighting with Belgium 

  • This is all good, but the Germans still have issues with Poland 

    • Poland wasn’t even invited to the Conference

• Hate from 1919 has decreased 

  • Learned that hatred leads to war which leads to a lot of money gone

• 65 nations will never again restore to war if there are issues 

  • Looks like there is going to be peace

Ramsey MacDonald

• Labour Party (Britain)

  • First Prime Minister of party

  • Working class, center left party

Benito Mussilii

• Put himself in power in Italy

• Macho man 

• Young and a communism 

  • Switch to far right 

  • Creates fascism

• Get involved with the allies during WW1 to get land 

  • Britain promised

• Blackshirts

  • What his followers was called

• Fascism means

  • Against communism, rugged individualism, anything that isn’t Italian 

  • Authoritarian (top to the bottom)

  • You keep what you own, but managed heavy by the government 

    • State capitalism

  • Stand for power

March on Rome 

• 1922

• Fascist march on the city 

  • Bigger share of power 

  • Greater say 

  • Mussolini = I can fix the depression 

• Prime Minister picked by the King in Italy 

  • King says call of the march, come to Italy peacefully, and I will name you prime minister 

• Pope Pius XI

  • Mussolini needs his “approval” 

  • Tell the people he is the leader and respect him 

• Mussolini becomes to power 

  • I get power for one year, fix the economy/government, then walk away 

Francisco Franco

• Spain dropped democracy after civil war 

• Ran for spanish presidency 

  • Lost

  • Fascist don’t like losing

• Preview of WW2 

  • Germans arrive with bombers 

  • Stalin shows up with Russian soldiers 

  • Handful of Amricans show up 

• Medals handed out with the swastika 

  • Spain = sided with Germany

Hideki Tojo

• Served as Prime Minster of Japan from 1941-1944

• Saw Japan’s entrance into WWII with the attack on Pearl Harbor

• Strong nationalist and militaristic views

• Leading advocate with Tripartite pact with Germany, Japan, and Italy

• Lead significant military engagements = China, Southeast Asia, and Pacific Islands

• Arrested by Allied forces and tried for war crimes when they were defeated in WWII

• Hung in December 1948

Neville Chamberlain

• Prime Minister of the UK from 1937-1940

• Known for appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany

• Negotiated the Munich Agreement in September 1938

  • British flew to Munich to meet about the Sudetenland 

  • Don’t invite the Czech

    • French had an alliance with them, but choose to ignore

  • German get Sudetenland

  • This is all Germany can get now

• Government decided to declare war on Germany (start of WWII)

• resigned as Primes Minster as German invaded France

  • Winston Churchill took over

  • More aggressive

• All about peace

Charles De Gaulle

• Towering figure in French and European history

• Leadership in WWII

• Shaped post-war France

• Served in WWI and WWII

• Fled to England in 1940 and made broadcast to the French people urging them to resist occupation

  • Formed Free French Forces

• Leader of the French Resistance

• Head of Provisional Government of the French Republic in 1944

• In 1958, became the Prime Minister

• Orchestrated the establishment of the Fifth Republic

• Withdrew France from NATO

Lebensraum

• German word for “living space”

• Referred to the expansions ideology that sought to acquire additional territory for the German nation

• Used to justify Germany’s territorial ambitions in Eastern Europe

Anschluss

• Annexation to connection

• Refers to the Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on March 12, 1938

  • Minority wanted to join Germany (30%)

  • Before a vote could happen if they wanted to join Germany, tanks rolled in 

  • Leaders of Austria ran away and ended up in Vermont

  • Austria disappeared off the map and is now part of bigger Germany 

  • The British should complain now = balance of power

    • They don’t 

    • France starts sweating 

      • Sudetenland 

        • Germans speaking Czech (Hitler believed he needed to protect his people and not get in the Czech government)

Truman Doctrine

• Containment 

• Soviet would be contained 

• No war 

• No attempt to drive out of Eastern Europe and no more acreages

• Called for 659 million dollars to aid to the Greeks  

  • Majority if money would go towards food, medical supplies, schools, hospitals

    • Everything was stamped with USA

• Worked = Greek didn’t become communist 

• Went farther = Marshall Plan 

(General George C.) Marshall Plan

• Enlarged Truman Doctrine 

• 12 billion dollars and throw it at Western Europe 

  • Offered to Soviet’s too, but they declined

• This is all financial aid, not military aid 

  • This will help the US down the road 

  • Defense mechanism in 5 years 

• Money dropped, then the countries decided who gets what 

  • Can’t be mad at the US, make the countries talk to each other (like adults), give stability

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

• Simple defensive alliance 

• In anyone attacks any of the members in the alliance, the other countries help 

• 10 European, 2 North American 

• US first permanent alliance 

• Headquarters = Belgium 

  • Not NY or Washington … it isn’t just about America 

  • Most invaded country in the world

Imre Nagy

• Prime Minister of Hungry

  • Khrushchev told him to crack down on his people 

• Announcement to leaving the Warsaw pact, but not join NATO

• This goes around Khrushchev iron curtain

• Soviets go across the border and stop this revolution 

  • Shoot Nagy and put a puppet in place

Wladyslaw Gomulka

• Prime Minster of Poland

• Polish = part of Warsaw against their own will

• Good communist 

• Khrushcechv didn’t choose him, so threaten them to have him step down and choose his guy 

• Tried to leave Warsaw pact 

  • If you stop harassing us, we will stay

Nikita Khrushchev

• Making of Warsaw pact 

• After 30 years, Stalin dies in 1953

• Decrease some conflict 

• Became the the new Soviet leader 

  • Comic 

• Called out Stalin