Oral Communication

Completeness

Providing all necessary details for the receiver to fully understand the message, saving time and avoiding follow-up questions.

Concreteness

Using specific facts, figures, and examples to support the message, avoiding vague statements to build credibility.

Courtesy

Respecting the receiver’s feelings, culture, and beliefs by using polite language and avoiding offensive remarks.

Clarity

Ensuring the message is straightforward and easy to understand, focusing on one idea at a time to prevent confusion.

Correctness

Using proper grammar, punctuation, and accurate information to enhance reliability and professionalism.

Conciseness

Being brief and direct, omitting unnecessary details to keep the message clear and to the point.

Consideration

Tailoring the message to the receiver’s needs, background, and interests, considering factors like age and culture.

Emotional Barriers

Feelings such as insecurity, fear, or resentment that can hinder open communication.

Cultural Noise

Misunderstandings arising from differences in cultural norms, values, or behaviors.

Jumping to Conclusions

Making assumptions about the message before fully listening to the speaker.

Information Overload

Providing too much information at once, overwhelming the receiver and reducing understanding.

Language Barriers

Difficulties in understanding due to differences in language, accents, or jargon.

Physical Barriers

Environmental factors like noise or poor lighting that obstruct communication.

Physiological Barriers

Physical health issues that impair communication, such as hearing loss or poor eyesight.

Intercultural Communication

A symbolic, interpretive, transactional process where people from different cultures create shared meanings.

Bennett Scale (DMIS)

A framework describing stages of cultural awareness from denial to integration.

Denial

A stage where individuals do not recognize cultural differences or see them as significant.

Defense

Acknowledging cultural differences but viewing one's own culture as superior.

Minimization

Recognizing cultural differences but focusing on similarities across cultures.

Acceptance

Appreciating and accepting cultural differences, even if not fully agreeing with every aspect.

Adaptation

Developing the ability to adjust behavior and communication style for effective interaction with different cultures.

Integration

Shifting seamlessly between cultural perspectives and feeling at home in various cultural contexts.

Communication

The process of sharing and conveying messages across various channels, contexts, media, and cultures.

Verbal Communication

The use of words, volume, and tone in communication.

Non-verbal Communication

Includes gestures, body language, eye contact, and spatial relations.

Sender

The individual who initiates the communication process.

Message

The information being conveyed in communication.

Encoding

The process of turning thoughts into communication.

Channel

The medium used for communication (e.g., verbal, visual).

Decoding

The interpretation of the encoded message by the receiver.

Receiver

The individual who interprets the message.

Feedback

The response provided by the receiver to the sender.

Interference

Any barrier to effective communication, whether internal or external.

Functions of Communication

Includes regulation/control, social interaction, motivation, information sharing, and emotional expression.

Intrapersonal Communication

Communication within oneself, important for self-reflection and decision-making.

Interpersonal Communication

Communication between two or more people, including dyads and small groups.

Public Communication

One speaker addressing a large audience, typically persuasive or informative.

Mass Communication

Messages sent through media that shape and reflect culture.

Aristotle’s Model

A linear model focusing on persuasion with five elements:Speaker, Speech, Occasion, Audience, and Effect.

Shannon-Weaver Model

A linear model emphasizing the potential for noise to disrupt communication.

Transactional Model

A two-way communication process where both sender and receiver are active participants.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication: Appropriateness

The language used should fit the situation, context, and the people involved. Adjusting your words based on the formality of the setting or the relationship with the listener is key.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication: Brevity

Being concise and straight to the point. Avoid unnecessary words and keep your message short and clear without losing meaning.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication: Clarity

Ensuring that the message is easily understood. Use simple, straightforward language and avoid jargon or ambiguous words.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication: Ethics

Being honest, respectful, and mindful of others when communicating. Avoid lying, deception, or any language that could harm others.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication: Vividness

Using descriptive and imaginative language to make your message more engaging and memorable. This involves using metaphors, similes, and colorful expressions.

Aristotle’s Model

-speaker
-speech
-occasion
-audience
-effect

Shannon-weaver’s Model

-information source
-transmitter
-noise
-receiver
-destination

cultural blunders

-language
-etiquette
-non-verbal communication
-norms
-values