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169 Terms
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Politics
The ability of people or groups to gain access to government and use its power to influence society.
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Nation state
Countries where people share a national language or culture.
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Democracy
A political system in which people can directly vote for their representatives or even on specific rules or policies.
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Lobbying
Contacting elected representatives to argue for a particular position.
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Activists
People who believe normal methods of exerting political influence are insufficient or illegitimate.
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Social movements
Groups organized to push for social change through contentious means; also called protest movements.
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Revolutionary movements
Social movements that lead to the fall of governments.
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State
Ultimate authority within some geographical territory, with a monopoly on the use of force within that area.
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Monopoly of force
Having the only legitimate claim to use force.
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Taxation
Using the force of government to collect funds that are used to pay for services.
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Welfare states
States where a large part of the budget is spent on social services.
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Policy
Rules, laws, and services provided by a government.
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Axis of politics
How states are made, acquire power, and use power to further goals through policy.
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Democratic society
Citizens or residents get to vote on who runs the state.
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City state
Government controls a single city and the surrounding area.
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Direct democracy
People vote directly on policies through a referendum.
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Representative democracy
People influence the state and its policies by voting for representatives.
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Competitive democracy
Voters have genuine opinions and alternatives when voting.
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Aristocracy
Government ruled by royalty, i.e. kings and queens.
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Formal policies
Those written into law.
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Informal policies
Widespread methods of regulating behavior that are not written into law.
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Political parties
Networks of people and organizations that represent particular interests or positions.
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Median voter model
Predicts that governments offer policies that reflect the preferences of voters in the center.
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Salience
Degree to which people care about an issue.
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Elite theory
Predicts that governments offer policies preferred by elites.
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Pluralism theory
Predicts that government policies will reflect the balance of power between various interest groups.
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Electoral college system
System in which presidential votes are tallied at the state level, rather than from a simple national count of all votes.
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Suffrage
The right to vote.
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Electorate
Group of people allowed to vote.
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Poll tax
Fee charged for voting.
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Literacy test
Test of reading ability administered to determine who was allowed to vote.
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Grandfather clause
Laws passed in southern states restricting voting to only those individuals whose grandfathers could vote.
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Black codes
Laws that barred African Americans from holding certain jobs.
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Voting rights act of 1965
Federal law that barred states from discriminating against black voters.
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Liberal
Political position that supports more taxation so governments can provide a wider array of services.
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Social conservatives
Voters who emphasize religious values and oppose changing social roles.
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Ideologies
Systems of ideas.
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Liberal state
Governments that are fairly permissive in economic affairs.
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Corporatist states
Governments in which various factions are part of state entities that determine social policy.
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Social democratic states
States with relatively high taxes that are used to pay for generous social services.
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Feminist movement
Social movement aimed at improving the status of women and reducing gender-based discrimination.
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Institutional politics
Influencing politics in official and sanctioned ways.
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Contentious politics
Efforts to influence politics outside of the official and accepted system.
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Grassroots
Structure where control of a social movement is local, and members don’t answer to a central leadership.
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Social movement sector
Individuals and organizations that organize protests and work to change public opinion on issues.
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Social movement outcomes
Effects of social movement efforts.
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Authoritarianism
Governing style that relies on strict obedience to leaders.
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Nationalism
Belief that government should put national interests first by closing borders and waging trade wars.
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Gender discrimination
Different treatment based on gender.
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Gender pay gap
Systematic difference in average pay between men and women.
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Gendered segregation of work
Concentration of men and women into different jobs.
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Gender-typed jobs
Jobs perceived to be more appropriate for either men or women but not for both.
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Economic sociology
Field dedicated to understanding how social factors are connected to what we buy, how we run businesses, and who works in which jobs.
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Economic institutions
Rules and systems we use to organize economic life.
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Division of labor
System in which people specialize in particular jobs and rely on one another for other items they need.
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Economic inequality
Differences in income and jobs.
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Poverty line
Official US measure of the amount of money needed to provide a minimally sufficient level of food and shelter.
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Human capital theory
Theory that income is based on a worker’s skills.
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Human capital
Skills and knowledge that can be sold on the job market.
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College premium
Extra money earned by those with a college degree.
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Discrimination theory
Theory that income differences are due to discrimination against certain groups by employers.
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Taste-based discrimination
Employers or customers treat members of one group better than others, regardless of their productivity.
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Statistical discrimination
Employers pay less to all members of a certain group because on average that group is less productive.
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Social closure
Efforts to exclude members of other groups from desirable jobs.
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Black codes
Laws that banned newly freed slaves from entering desirable trades.
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Corporation
Group of people organized together by business owners in order to generate a profit.
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Formal institutions
Institutions governed by official laws and written policies about what they are allowed to do.
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Informal institutions
Institutions guided by unwritten rules about what is expected.
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Social norms
Unwritten rules guiding behavior.
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Political activists
People who organize around a political issue.
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Stakeholders
People who have financial or political investments in a corporation.
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Bureaucracy
A structure providing clear lines of authority and discipline, written rules, and expert employers.
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Open system
An organization with loose boundaries that allow people and ideas to enter or leave.
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Money
A method of recording value in a particular society.
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Fiat currency
Coins or other items that a government declares is money.
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Commodity currency
Money that is itself a commodity or that represents a commodity.
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Inflation
A type of money’s loss of value.
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Bitcoin
Digital form of currency that is not tied to any government or nation.
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Economic inequality
A situation in which economic resources are unevenly distributed among people.
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Income
All money earned in a year.
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Wealth
Total value of all assets you own.
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Current population survey
Yearly study of the US population conducted by the federal government.
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Median annual household income
Amount at which half of households make less than that income and half make more.
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US census bureau
Federal organization that conducts a census of all households every ten years and sets key definitions such as the poverty line.
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Poverty rate
Percentage of people who are classified as poor.
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Poverty threshold
Income level below which a family would not be able to afford basic needs such as food and shelter.
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Financialized economy
Economy in which a large proportion of wealth is generated by financial transactions by banks and investment firms.
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Political economy
Large scale analysis of markets and the social systems they exist within.
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Creative destruction
Displacement of older businesses and forms of employment as innovative businesses enter the marketplace.
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Contradictions within a market economy
Political instability created due to the exploitation of workers.
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Socialist economy
Economy in which workers collectively own economic organizations and there is little or no private industry.
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Revolutionary politics
Politics aimed at overthrowing an existing government or economic system.
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Capitalist economy
Economy in which people privately own businesses and seek to make profits.
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Deviance
Behaviors that violate social norms.
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Norms
Expectations for behavior.
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Folkways
Norms about customs, traditions, and etiquette.
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Mores
More seriously protected norms that reflect the morals and values of a social group.
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Laws
Most seriously protected norms; codified and require specific enforcement.
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Social control
Ways societies try to influence members’ behavior to maintain social order.
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Moral panics
Overheated, short-lived periods of intense social concern about an issue.
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