World History Midyear

Nomad

people moving from place to place

Ziggurat

sumerian temple

Reincarnation

to be reborn

Monotheism

worship of one god

Allah

Arabic word for god

Mosque

Muslim place of worship

Hajj

pilgramge to Mecca

Qur’an

holy book of islam

Calligraphy

decorative writing

Caliph

islamic spiritual and political leader

Moveable Type

made printing possible

Lord

wealthy landowners

Knight

military enforcers of european fedual system

Serf

poor farmers

Tithe

church tax

Clergy

church officials

Mali

west african kingdom

Mita

forced labor system in the americas

Quipu

strings used to record information

Pastoralist

nomadic people

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreement which divided the new world

Colony

a settlement away from the home country

Conquistador

spanish conqueror

Triangular Trade

pattern of the atlantic slave trade

Columbian Exchange

agricultural goods spreading around the world

Renaissance

period of rebirth in europe

Humanism

philosphy driving the renaissance

Secular

non religious

Utopia

an ideal or perfect place to live

Protestant

christians leaving the catholic church in protest

Heretic

person going against the church teachings

Anglican

the church of england

Theocracy

government controlled by religious leaders

Philosophe

french philosphers

Enlightenment

time period relying on reason and thought

Domestication 

the taming of animals for human use

Specialization

 the development of skills in a specific kind or work such as trading or record keeping

Karma 

in Hinduism and Buddhism, the totality of good or bad deeds performed by a person which is believed to determine his or her fate after rebirth

Jainism 

a religion founded in India whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore should not be harmed

Enlightenment

in Buddhism, a state of perfect wisdom in which one understands the basic truths of the universe

Tribute

a payment made by a weaker power to a stronger power to obtain an assurance of peace and security

Diaspora

the dispersal of the Jews where most jews were driven from their home into exile after they tried to revolt against the Romans

Pope

the father or head of the Christian church 

Vassal  

person who received granted land from a lord for a pledge of loyalty and services

Chivalry

a complex set of ideals for knights that demanded that they fight bravely and loyally in defense of their three masters

Quetzalcoatl

 the feathered serpent and a god of the Toltecs,

Mestizo

a mixed Spanish and Native American population

Encomienda

 a system forced by Spanish to Native Americans to exploit land for its precious resources by natives who farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords

Capitalism

 an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of money for resources in order to make profit

Mercantilism 

an economic policy that said that a country should seek increasing their wealth to increase their power by obtaining gold and silver and by selling more goods than they buy; the power of a country depended mainly on its wealth

Indulgence  

\

a pardon that releases a person from punishments due to a sin

Reformation 

a movement for religious reform that led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the Pope’s authroity

Enlightenment 

an intellectual movement that stressed upon thought an reason and the power ofn individuals to solve problems

Scientific Revolution  

a new way of thinking about the natural world based upon careful observations and the willingness to question belief

heilocentric theory

sun centered view of the universe that said the Earth and other planets revolved around the sun

What types of tools did hunter-gatherers make and use?

spears, digging sticks, knives, fish hooks, harpoons, chisel like cutters, bone needles

What geographic feature did many of the early agricultural villages have in common (near-by)?

river valleys, rivers, and deltas (any other water source). (mainly rivers)

Where did Buddhism spread as a result of trade?

 all throughout East Asia from India and Sri Lanka to Southeast countries like Burma, Thailand, Sumatra as well as Central Asia in countries like China, Korea, and Japan

 What did the Edict of Milan do?

made Chirstianity as one of the religions approved by the Emperor Constantine in the Roman empire and led to it being made an official religion in 380 A.D

Why was Arabia an important trade location?

located between Asia and Europe

Who was the first Emperor of the Sui Dynasty?

Wendi

What two projects did the Sui force peasants to work on?

Great Wall and Grand Canal

How long did the Tang Dynasty last?

nearly 300 years between 618 and 907

Who was the first Emperor of the Song Dynasty?

Taizu

What philosophy influenced the Song Dynasty?

Confucianism

Where were the Vikings from?

Northern Europe which was wintry and wooded called Scandanaiva which is now modern day Denmark, Norway, and Swedan

What groups invaded Europe in the 800s?

Vikings, Magyrs, and Muslims

What were two inventions from outside of Europe which transformed warfare?

leather saddles and stirrups

What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

Constantinople

Who lived in castles?

Kings, Lord and lady, their family, knights, other men at arms, and servants. 

Who headed the Catholic Church in Rome?

 Pope

What weapon did Italian soldiers use to defeat the army of the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Legnano?

crossbows

What were the two most important trade items exchanged in West Africa?

gold and salt

What religion, spread from North Africa, was important to West African society and culture?

Islam.

What group conquered Songhai in 1591?  

 Moroccan fighting force

What two languages combined to create the language of Swahili?

Arabic and Bantu

Where was the Inca Empire located?

South America from Ecuador all the way to the north and al the way south down to Chile (Peru)

What was the capital city of the Inca?

Cuzco in southern Peru

By the year 1500 how many people lived in the Inca Empire?

16 million people

What Chinese inventions made their way to Europe during Mongol rule?

printing, gunpowder, the compass, paper currency, and playing cards.

Which European nation led the way in ocean exploration?

Portugal.

Which two countries signed the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Spain and Portugal.

Which country controlled the world’s largest fleet by 1600?

Dutch (Natherlands) which had a fleet of 20,000 vessels.

Which Portuguese explorer reached the shores of present-day Brazil?

Pedro Alvares Cabral

What crop was grown by settlers in Brazil?

sugar

What was New France’s main economic activity?

fur trade

What was England’s first permanent settlement in the Americas?

Jamestown

During what years did the Renaissance take place?

1300s to 1600s

Which ancient civilizations did Europeans look to for inspiration during the Renaissance?

Greece and Rome

What powerful family controlled the city of Florence?

Medici

Describe how hunter-gatherers lived.

food supply that relied on hunting for animals and meat while also gathering other foods like plants and berries. Alongside this style of finding food, hunter- gatherers were forced to create tools to aid them in their survival and also moved from place to place for new sources of food.

Describe the caste system in India.

important part of an Indian’s life and determined a lot of aspects of life like food, cleanliness, and clothes. Karma from a person’s former life was said to determine what caste a person is born into with good karma meaning a person would be born in upper class caste while bad karma would result in a person being born into low caste. Upper caste would be considered Brahmins, warriors, or merchants while lower caste would be women, laborers, or an “untouchable” or impure person.

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism?

ideas that the Buddah understood in his enlightenment. 

“ **the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering**.”

Explain the ways that Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire

Jesus’s followers who continued to spread his teachings and ideas to other people

Paul, an apostle, helped spread Christianity after he saw a vision of Jeus and began to spread his teachings which helped expand Christianity as more than just a local religion

  The time period in Roman history called Pax Romana was able to spread because it was able to make travel and communication much easier.

What are the 5 Pillars of Islam?

5 duties that all believers have to carry out throughout their life

Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, and Pilgramage.

How did Islam split into Sunni and Shi’a?

the death of Ali, Muhamaad’s son in law, led to an issue of leadership and resulting in the Umayaads coming into power

alternate viewpoints of different groups of Muslims caused many smaller groups were formed like the Shi’a and the Sunni.

Explain the process of Foot-binding. Why was it done?

 it was seen as beautiful and represented the wealth and prestige of her husband. The process started when a girl was very young with each of her feet being bound tightly by cloth to break the arch and curl 4 of her toes underneath which made a “lily-foot”. After this process, all the women would be crippled for life.

Explain how the Incan government worked to provide for all of its citizens.

provided for all of its citizens in exchange for their work for the state. They would provide  freeze dried potatoes called chuno in times of food shortages so that no one would go hungry and aged and disabled people were supported by the government

Explain what happened when the Mongols tried to invade Japan?

they were forced to retreat at first and then they also later encountered a violent typhoon across the sea which caused all of the ships to be upended and swamped on the shores after fighting for 53 days.

What two groups controlled trade between the East and West?

the Muslims and Italians.