Chapter 12 AP World

Chapter 12 of Traditions and Encounters 7th addition

Taino

An indigenous people of the Caribbean, primarily found in what is now Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), and Puerto Rico.

Encomienda

A labor system established by the Spanish in the Americas during the colonization period. It allowed Spanish settlers to receive land and a certain number of indigenous people to work for them. In return, the settlers were supposed to protect the indigenous people and convert them to Christianity.

Smallpox

It had a devastating impact in the 1540s, especially on indigenous populations in the Americas. When Europeans arrived, they brought diseases like similar to this, which the native people had no immunity against. This led to massive outbreaks that wiped out large portions of indigenous communities. Throughout colonization, disease contributed to the decline of powerful empires, making it easier for Europeans to conquer and colonize these regions.

Motecuzoma II

The Aztec Emperor who fell to Hernan Cortez’s conquistadors

Hernan Cortez

A Spanish conquistador best known for leading the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico. He arrived in the New World in 1519 and, through a combination of military might, alliances with local tribes, and the spread of diseases like smallpox, he was able to conquer the Aztecs and claim Mexico for Spain.

Conquistadors

The Spanish word for conquerors

Francisco Pizarro

A Spanish conquistador famous for conquering the Inca Empire in the early 16th century. He arrived in South America in 1532 and, with a small force, captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa after a surprise attack.

Atahualpa

The last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest. He ruled from 1532 until his capture and execution by the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro.

Brazil

It became a major source of sugar, which was a hot commodity in Europe. Besides sugar, Brazil had other valuable resources like gold, diamonds, and later on, coffee. Brazil's location was key for trade routes, making it a strategic point for Portugal to expand its influence in the Americas and beyond. Brazil was the largest and most significant colony for Portugal, helping to maintain its status as a major European power during the Age of Exploration.

Viceroy

The imperial ambassadors of the Spanish Crown

Audiencias

A court established to administer royal justice; also, one of the most important governmental institutions of Spanish colonial America.

Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement made in 1494 between Spain and Portugal. It aimed to resolve disputes over newly discovered lands in the Americas and other parts of the world. Under this treaty, the world was divided into two spheres of influence. Spain was granted rights to the lands west of a specific meridian, while Portugal received the rights to the lands east of that line. This division was intended to prevent conflict between the two powerful nations as they explored and colonized new territories.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The exchange of African Slaves imported into the Americas.

Mestizo

Mixed-lineage European and indigenous American

Mullatoes

Mixed-lineage European and African

Zambos

A Spanish and Portuguese expression referring to people of mixed Indigenous and African ancestry.

Creoles

Spanish-lineage born in the Americas

Peninsulares

Spanish-born elite

Casta system

Class/caste system, which was rooted in sixteen original socio-cultural categories based on a person's lineage. Beginning with three main categories: European, peninsulares, and criollos. There also were categories for Indios and Negros . The remaining categories attempted to categorize people of mixed lineage, including mestizo and mulatto .

Mit’a System

A system originally used by the Incas to finish hard labor projects. The Spanish used this system to mine and process silver.

Manila Galleons

The Spanish Currency. This was made of silver, and became the de facto currency in the world.

Haciendas

A large landed estate, one of the traditional institutions of rural life. Originating in the colonial period, it survived in many places late into the 20th century. Labourers, ordinarily American Indians, who worked for hacendados (landowners) were theoretically free wage earners, but in practice their employers were able to bind them to the land, especially by keeping them in an indebted state.

Indentured Labor

A system of labor where you work for a landowner for some period of time, usually 7 years, at which point you are released and can live your own life. Many used as a way to get to the Americas, because the state paid for your travel expenses.

What is the main good/s that France traded in the Americas?

Furs

What is the main good/s that Dutch merchants traded in the Americas?

Sugar

What is the main good/s that England traded in the Americas?

Cotton/Tobacco