nurs 125: cell regulation

benign

tumor, growth, cell mass that is non-cancerous

carcinoma

common type of cancer that originates in the epithelial tissues

adenoma

non-cancerous tumor that grows in glandular epithelial tissue

adenocarcinoma

common, malignant tumor that originates in glandular epithelial cells

sarcoma

rare, malignant tumor that develops in the body’s connective tissues, including fat, muscle, bones, nerves, blood vessels, cartilage

osteoma

benign tumor composed of new bone tissue that grows on eixsting bone

leukemia

cancer of the body’s blood-forming tissues

lymphoma

type of blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system

malignant

cancerous

primary tumor

original, initial mass of cancer cells that develop in a specific organ or tissue, marking the site where cancer first started growing

secondary tumor/metastasis

new cancerous growth that has spread from the original cancer site to another part of the body

solid tumor

abnormal, dense mass of tissue resulting from uncontrolled cell growth, typically not containing cysts or liquid areas

hematological malignancy

neoplasms arising from abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells in blood-forming tissues or the lymphatic system

surgical treatment

goal: removal of tumor and surrounding at-risk tissue

surgical treatment

primary for solid-tumor

surgical treatment

debulking when complete removal not possible

surgical treatment

can involve redirection/reconstruction of surrounding tissues/organs

radiation therapy

goal: destroy DNA structures within the cancer cell, using ionizing radiation

radiation therapy

try to minimize damage to surrounding cells

radiation therapy

delivered over time

radiation brachytherapy

radioactive material placed within tumor/organ/body cavity

radiation brachytherapy

left in for set amount of time, can be permanent

systemic radiation therapy

patient injected with radioactive substances

systemic radiation therapy

substance is attached to a monoclonal antibody, which targets a specific organ; radiation “goes along for the ride”

chemotherapy

specific to tumor type, stage, grade, location

bone marrow transplant

usually for hematological cancers

targeted agents

go for tumor’s intracellular metabolism, creating antineoplastic action

targeted agents

most are classified as hazardous, require specific home management education

targeted agents

many PO, food interactions

targeted agents

insurance may not cover bc taken outpatient

hormonal agents

targets cancers like breast, prostate, uterine

risk for infection

outside of primary disease, #1 cause of death

breast cancer

2nd most common cause of cancer deaths

stage 1 breast cancer

tumor 2 cm or less w/ no spread to lymph nodes or distant metastasis

stage 2 breast cancer

tumor may increase in size w/ possible spread to nearby lymph nodes; no distant metastasis

stage 3 breast cancer

tumor may increase in size w/ possible spread to lymph nodes, chest wall, skin; no distant metastasis

stage 4 breast cancer

tumor of any size w/ direct extension to chest wall or skin, w/ distant metastasis

in situ lesions

stage 0 breast cancer

stage 0 breast cancer

lobular not typically treated, ductal requires surgery

lymphedema

scarring caused by removal of lymph nodes

colorectal cancer

3rd most common cancer, 2nd leading cause of death in US

colorectal cancer

most are adenocarcinomas

colorectal cancer

liver most common metastasis site

lung cancer

2nd most common cancer

lung cancer

leading cause of cancer deaths

thoracentesis

draining of fluid around lungs

bladder cancer

4th most common cancer in men, 8th in women

T1 bladder cancer

inner lining of bladder (urothelium)

T2-4 bladder cancer

invades muscle layers

ileal conduit

short segment of ileum; provides viaduct through stoma; simplest

orthotopic neobladder

bladder made from small intestine; uses patient’s sphincter

neobladder w/ catheterized stoma

ileum and/or cecum used, stoma may be placed inside umbilicus

brain tumors

primary tumors rare; metastatic tumors most common

glioma

common type of brain/spinal cord tumor that develops from glial cells

astrocytoma

primary cancer/tumor that originated from star-shaped astrocytes in brain/spinal cord

meningioma

slow-growing tumor arising from the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

meningioma

most common primary tumor in head

oligodendroglioma

rare, slow-growing primary brain tumor originating from oligodendrocytes

external beam radiation

beamed into/onto specific areas to target the tumor