Anatomy 1

anatomy skin, bones

Posterior (Dorsal) Towards the back

Anterior (Ventral) Towards the front

Towards the head

Superior / Cranial

Towards the feet

Inferior / Caudal

Towards the midline

Medial

away from the midline

Lateral

Towards the root of attachment

proximal

away from the root of attachment

distal

Towards the surface of the body

superficial

away from the surface of the body

deep

sagittal / median plane

front / coronal plane

transverse / horizontal plane

what is the watery medium cells float in called?

Extracellular fluid

Examples of non membrane bound organelles

Cytoskeleton, Microvilli, centrioles, cillia, flagella, ribsosomes

Examples of membrane bound organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, lysosomes, preoxisomes

extracellular is high in

sodium ions and chloride ions

cytosol (intracellualr fluid) is high in

potassium, protiens, amino acid

function of microvilli

increase surface area of the cell, which allows more absorption

cytosol is low in

sodium and carbohydrates

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

Ribosomes

Which organelle houses DNA?

Nucleus

What are the supporting cells of the nervous system called?

(nuero)Glia

Which type of tissue has cells that have an obvious "top" and "bottom"? (polarity)

Epithelial

What is this an example of?

Stratified epithelium

What is this an example of

simple cuboidal

What are the 2 types of cells?

Sex and somatic

Peripheral protiens

attached to either the inner or outer surface, but can detach

What do mitochondria produce the most of in the cell?

ATP

Describe the mitochondrias membrane

double layered, inner membrane folds into cristae (crests) to increase surface area and make more ATP

The nucleus is the ____, surrounded by ____, which is pierced by____, and filled with ______.

control center, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm

What are the functions of the ER? (what occurs, what is stored and what is transported)

synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, storage of certain synthesized molecules, transports other molecules

Rough er

has ribosomes for protein synthesis and export out of the cell

smooth er

synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

What does the smooth er not have?

ribosomes or proteins

Golgi

synthesis and packaging of secretions, esp protiens

Lysosomes

removes bacteria from cytoplasm through exocytosis, contains digestive enzymes, releases nutrient components into cytosol

Cytoskeleton

Network of of filaments that gives strength and flexibility to cell

4 Cytoskeletal elements

Microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments, thick filaments (myosin), microtubules

Cilia

Larger microvilli, 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding a central pair (9+2 array), Cilia anchored to compact basal body at base

How do cilia move fluids across the cell surface

they beat rhythmically

Flagella

moves through fluid, only one in humans is sperm

What do ribosomes manufacture?

Proteins

Epithelial Tissue, examples

Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, produces glandular secretions, skin, mucus, saliva, sebum

Connective Tissue, examples

Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, bones, cartilage

Muscle Tissue

Contracts to produce movement

Nervous Tissue

Conducts electrical impulses, carries information

Epithelial Tissue

Connective tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nervous tissue

Cells exhibit____, where the top is _____ and the bottom is _____

polarity, apical surface, basal surface

cells connect to one another at ____

lateral surface

One layer=_____, Several layers=______

simple, stratified

Flat, square/cube, taller than they are wide

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Location of transitional, Function of transitional

urinary tract, can expand and recoil

Tubular

Aveolar

simple

compound

Which of the sweat glands are distributed only in certain areas and become active during puberty?

Apocrine sweat glands

Eccrine/ merocrine mechanism of secretion

secretion by exocytosis (vesicles), only thing released is secretion

Apocrine secretion

Apical portion of cytoplasm is shed, including secretory vesicles

holocrine secretion

Entire cell becomes packed with secretory product and then bursts, Cells replaced by division of basal cells

4 components of connective tissue

cells, protein fibers, ground substance, matrix

5 functions of connective tissue

Transports fluid, protects organs, Supports, surrounds and connects tissues, Stores energy, Defends body from invasion

Fluid connective tissue

collections of cells on a watery matrix

collagen fibers

most common and strongest

collagen

elastic fibers

contain elastin protein, can branch, stretch and recoil

The concentric rings of bony matrix arranged around Central canals are called

Lamellae

Which type of cartilage has closely-packed collagen fibers in a translucent matrix?

Hyaline cartilage

Which type of cells lay down matrix in order to form bone?

osteoblasts

What do reticular fibers form?

A meshwork

elastic fibers

reticular fibers

skeletal muscle

striated (has stripes), voluntary, long, cylindrical, multinucleate

what muscle is this?

skeletal

what muscle is this?

cardiac

Cardiac Muscle

Striated (has stripes), involuntary, short, branched, connected by intercalated discs

Smooth muscle

not striated (no stripes), involuntary, short, spindle-shaped, one nucleus in middle of cell

what type of muscle is this?

smooth

nervous tissue

conducts electrical impulses from one area of body to another

Name 1,2,3

Cell body/ soma, dendrites, axons

What do dendrites do?

receive incoming signals

what do axons do and what is a collection of axons called?

sends outgoing signals, a nerve

What are neuroglia?

support cells

name 1,2,3,4

Neuroglia, axon, soma, dendrites

Why do we have cilia in our respiratory epithelium?

their beat gets rid of particles and moves mucus

Layers of epidermis from top to bottom

(stratum) Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale

what cells are in the stratum basale?

keratinocytes, merkel cells and melanocytes

what joins the spines in stratum spinosum?

desmosomes

What layer of the epidermis forms a lipid-rich substance?

stratum granulosum

what is the glassy layer of the epidermis?

stratum lucidum

What binds keratinocytes together in stratum spinosum?

maculae

What is the most abundant cell type in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes are only found where?

stratum basale

Langerhans’ Cells

Antigen-presenting cells of the epidermis

Where are Merkel Cells found?

stratum basale

Skin color is determined by

rate, amount and ratio