Chapter 1: Mathematics Review

exponent

a superscript which indicates the number of times a base number is multiplied by itself

base number

the number on which exponentiation is being carried out

scientific notation

a convenient way of expressing numbers that are too large or too small

equation

an **equation** consists of an equal sign and quantities (represented by symbols) to its left and to its right

quadratic equation

an equation in the form ax²+bx+c=0, where a, b and c are constants

root

a solution to a quadratic equation

simultaneous equation

independent equations that share unknowns which are solved together

direct relationship

a relationship between two variables such that an increase in one causes an increase in the other by the same factor

slope

the steepness of a line, measured by the ratio Δy/Δx

inverse proportion

a relationship between two variables such that an increase in one causes a decrease in the other by the same factor

inverse square proportion

a relationship between two quantities such that one quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the other

common logarithm

common logarithm of a number is the power to which 10 must be raised to obtain that number

natural logarithm

natural logarithm of a number is the power to which e must be raised to obtain that number

area of rectangle

A=ab

area of circle

A=πr²

volume of cuboid

V=abc

surface area of sphere

A=4πr²

volume of sphere

V=4πr³

volume of cylinder

V=πr²h

similar triangles

triangles with equal corresponding angles and equal ratios of corresponding sides

congruent

triangles that have the same size and shape

right triangle

a triangle in which one angle is 90°

radians

angles can be expressed in degrees or ______

360**°**

the trigonometric functions, sin and cos are periodic with a period of __

90**°**

the trigonometric functions, sin and cos are __ out of phase

trig identity

an equality that involves trigonometric functions and are true for every value of the occurring variables for which both sides of the equality are defined