fuck unemployement bitch we workin

negative feedback mechanism

trigger a reaction to return to a set point

positive feedback mechanism

trigger a reaction to amplify change; leave the set point

vasodilation

the widening of blood vessels, releasing heat when its hot

vasoconstriction

closing blood vessels, conserving heat in the cold

controls thermoregulation

sympathetic nervous system, which controls hypothalamus

pyrogens

change temperature set point to fight infection, cause fever

renal pelvis

collects urine and delivers it out of kidney

nephron

waste exchange in blood

enters thru renal artery, glomerulus collects waste in filtration/secretion or release it back in absorption, blood leaves thru renal vein

arteries

away from heart

veins

towards heart

capillaries

gas exchange

path to oxygenate blood

enters thru vena cava, then right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery→ thru bronchioles into the capillaries in the lungs → pulmonary vein → l. atrium → l. ventricle → aortic valve → aorta

right side of the heart

deals with deoxygenated blood coming from the vena cava by pushing it into the pulmonary artery

left side of the heart

deals with oxygenated blood coming from the pulmonary vein by pushing it into the aorta

atrioventricular valves

tricuspid on the right

bicuspid/mitral on the left

systole

contraction, push blood out (r: push deoxygenated blood into pulmonary artery / l: push oxygenated blood out into aorta)

diastole

relaxation, fill with blood (r: fill with deoyxgenated blood / l: fill with oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein)

first step for oxygen

air enters nasal cavity for warming / filtration

second step for oxygen

travels thru pharynx then larynx

trachea

in trachea, theres cilla preventing unwanted things from entering lungs

trachae splits into bronchi → bronchioles, terminal b. → respiratory b. → aviolar sacs → alveoli surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange

mouth

physical digestion thru teeth, chemical digestion thru enzymes

amylase

break down starch into sugars

lysozyme

antibacterial properties

esophagus

use peristalsis to push down food

epiglottis

flap covering pharynx, preventing choking

stomach

cardiac sphincter prevents return, chemical digestion through acidic environment, protected by mucus

small intestine

first in + main site for digestion, (micro)villi for absorption

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

large intestine

cecum (connector), colon (absorb water/salts and house bacteria), rectum

accessory organs of the digestive system and their functions

liver (produce bile), gallbladder (store bile), pancreas (release digestive enzymes like insulin) all release into small intestine