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Define stereoisomers
Same structural formula atoms arranged differently
What is a chiral carbon
Carbon with 4 different atoms/groups attached
Tetrahedral arrangement is possible so that one mirrors another l
How do you distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
Tollens reagent-colourless silver nitrate dissolved in aqueous ammonia
[Ag(NH3)2]+
If heated with aldehyde = silver mirror
Fehlings solution
Blue complex copper ions dissolved in NAOH
If aldehyde brick red precipitate
How do you form hydroxy nitriles (two reagents)
Nucleophillic addition
KCN + aldehyde/ketone
Followed by dilute acid
If HCN no acid needed because H+,dangerous slow
Explain why hydroxynitriles produces a racemic mixture
Carbonyl group is planar
Nucleophile can attack on either side with equal probability
To produce racemic mixture
Equal amounts of to enatiomers
Define racemic mixture
Equal mixture of both enatiomers
Describe how separate samples of each of these enatiomers could be distinguished
Use plane polarised light
See if they rotate light in opposite directions
How do you reduce aldehydes/ketones and what do they produce
Sodium tetrahydrideoborate
NaBH4
Aldehydes =reduced to primary alcohols
Ketones = secondary alcohols
Hazards of KCN
Toxic
Fume cupboard
Risk of HCN gas released from solution
Heat in water bath as organic compounds flammable
Why does compound NOT show sterioisomerism
No chiral centre
Not 4 different groups attached to carbon
By considering the mechanism (reduction with NaBH4) explain why the product has no effect on plane polarised light
Nucleophile attacks compound
Carbonyl group planar
H- attacks from either side with equal probability
exists in two chiral forms
Racemic mixture /equal amounts of each
Enatiomers rotate plane polarised light equally
So effects cancel
State relationship between two chiral molecules with the same structural formula
Non superimposable mirror images
How to test for carboxylic acid+observations
React with carbonate (caco3/naco3/nahco3)
Effervescence -bubbles of co2
What is the relationship between solubility and carboxyllic acid chain length
R group length increases
Less soluble
More hydrocarbon chain which is non polar so does not form hydrogen bonds
What reaction forms an esters
Esterification
Reaction between carboxyllic acid and alcohol
Concentrated H2SO4 catalyst
Reversible
Uses of esters
Solvents
Plasticiser -weaken IMF polymer chains making them flexible
Food flavourings +perfume
What do you form from acid/base hydrolysis of ester
Acid-carboxylic acid
Base-carboxylate ions (non reversible higher yield ,reflux