LESSON 1 (PPT Version) | Cla & Prof. Tomas

Abnormal Psychology

Branch or field that studies abnormal behavior in a clinical context; studies people who are “abnormal” or “atypical” compared to members of a given society. Must be knowledgeable of the culture or background and history.

Psychopathology

Concerned with the nature, development, treatment of psychological disorder. Psychologically aspect is damaged or with problem.

Maladjustment

Abnormal behavior

Stigma

Destructive beliefs and attitudes held by society that are described to groups considered different in some manner. Beliefs to a group of people.

Label

Linked to deviant/undesirable attributes by society. “tawag” na sa tao.

Presenting Problem

“Reason for referral” ; Comes from the client, what the client experiences; when someone takes action because of what the client is experiencing.

Clinical Description

Unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up disorder. Side of the clinician. Writes down the observations during the interview to provide proper diagnosis.

TRUE

T or F: Diagnosis comes from clinical description.

Prevalence

Number of disorder in a given population; how many or what percentage is affected.

Incidence

Number of disorder in a given population in a given time frame. (ex: within a year/within a month)

Course

Pattern of disorder development; how it develops

1. Chronic Course

2. Episodic Course

3. Time-limited Course

Types of Course

Chronic Course

Long-term course, sometimes a lifetime.

Episodic Course

Individual is likely to recover within few months but suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. On and Off.

Time-limited Course

Course that improve without treatment. Sudden appearance then sudden disappearance.

Onset

Age by which disorder surfaced. Paano nag-appear ‘yung disorder.

1. Acute Onset

2. Insidious Onset

Types of Onset

Acute onset

Sudden development

Insidious Onset

Gradual over an extended period.

Prognosis

Anticipated course of a disorder. (“prognosis is good” - will probably recover & “prognosis is guarded” - probable outcome doesn’t look good). What you think at the back of your mind.

Etiology

Study of origins of psychological disorder (BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL)

Other Specified Disorder

Don’t meet the criteria established for specific diagnoses but at the mental health problem is at play. Other criteria are not met but at play.

Unspecified

Cannot be ruled out because of inconsistency or incomplete information

Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)

Old term for Other Specified Disorder in the older versions of DSM.

Normal Behavior

Common and accepted to social patters. Typical, usual, average, norm.

Abnormality

Significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving. Distress in social relationships or occupational functioning, dysfunction in psychological developmental and neurobiological processes. Not culturally specific reaction to an event, not primarily a result of social deviance.

1. Dysfunction

2. Distress

3. Deviance

4. Danger

4Ds of abnormality

TRUE

T or F: No single criterion fully defines abnormality.

Dysfunction

Significant impairment in a life area (work, social, relationships).

Distress

Emotional and psychological responses

Deviance

Atypical or not culturally expected; occurs infrequently; violation of social norms.

Danger

Possibility of hurting/killing oneself/others. Increased risk of suffering.

Prototype

Category of profile; typical profile of every identified psychological disorder. Listed in DSM.

Supernatural Tradition

Believes in demonology and witches in 14th century and use exorcism as a treatment.

Exorcism

Ritualistic casting out evil spirits and/or through confinement, beating, other forms of torture.

Snake Pits

Hanging with snakes

Dunking

Soaking in ice-cold water

Hydro Therapy

Shocking with strong current of ice-cold water.

Strappado

Using of rope until shoulders are broken

Guillotine

Use of metal blade to cut the head.

Garotte

Striangulation using metal wire for the neck.

Pear of Anguish

Use of metal ball for the mouth until it opens wide.

Lobotomy

Ice peak to create a hole in the eyes.

Trephination

Removing part of skull bone (butas sa skull)

Mass Hysteria

Large scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.

Saintvitus Dance/Tarantism

Person praying in the chapel suddenly danced like tarantula the everyone in the chapel copied it.

Mob Psychology

Modern Mass Hysteria; Emotion Contagion

Paracelsus

Movements of the moon and stars affected psychological functioning. Gravitational effect of moon in bodily fluids.

Hippocrates

Viewed abnormal behavior as having internal causes. Because of abnormalities in the bodily fluid.

Humoral Theory

By Hippocrates and Galen (Roman physician). Normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids. Problems in regulating chemical system that can lead to human behavior

1. Black bile

2. Blood

3. Phlegm

4. Yellow Liver

4 Humors in the body

Black bile

Personality: Melancholia

Disorder: Depression

Blood

Personality: Sanguine

Disorder: Cheerful and optimistic

Phlegm

Personality: Phlegmatic

Disorder: Apathy and sluggish

Yellow Liver

Personality: Choleric

Disorder: Hot tempered

Bleeding/bloodletting

Extraction of blood from patients, intended to restore the balance of humors in the body.

Vomit Inducement

Vomitting until it contains bloods.

Louis Pasteur

Believed that psychological disorder may happen because of the germs entering the brain

Syphilis

Sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain

Persecutory Delusion (everyone is plotting against you), grandiose, paralysis, insanity, death

Symptoms of syphilis

General Paresis

Other term for “Germ Theory”

John P. Grey

Disorder is due to physical causes. No proper ventilation, deprived of liberty, no proper diet.

1. Insulin Shock Therapy

2. Electric Shock Therapy

3. Electroconvulsive Therapy

Other treatment for Abnormalities/Psychological Disorders (Biological)

Insulin Shock Therapy by Manfred Sakel

Provides higher dosage of insulin through a tube inserted in the nose until the person is in a comatose state. (Pag nagising okay na)

Electric Shock Therapy by Benjamin Franklin

Electric shock to head to produce convulsion or trauma.

Electroconvulsive Therapy by UGO Cerletti and Lucio Bini

Grounding of brain to cure depressed patients.

Emil Kraepelin

Father of Modern Psychiatry; distinguished various disorders; classified psychosis in formal name depression and dementia praecox; categorize psychological disorders in the DSM

Benjamin Rush

Father of American Psychiatry; does not believe in supernatural tradition; social and occupational needs is the cause of psychological disorder.

Philippe Pinel

Advocated to treat with sympathy, compassion, empathy. Believes that disorder is caused by excessive psychological and social stresses. Advocates counselling.

Dorothea Dix

Helped establish 32 mental hospital through US. Established Mental Hygiene Movement.

1845

Year Dorothea Dix established the first public mental hospital in Pennsylvania.

1847

Year Dorothea Dix established the first state mental institution in Illinois.

Franz Anton Mezmer & Jean Charcot

Animal magnetism and mesmerism wherein they believed that animal spirits came inside of people with psychological disorders. Problem in the Nervous System. Treated patients with hysteria.

Mesmerism

To cast out animal spirits; also used for those with blindness and paralysis with no physical causes.

Joseph Breuer

use of Cathartic Method that relieves an earlier emotional tension by expressing previously forgotten thoughts about the event.

Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)

First experienced cathartic method; worsened disorder because it triggered negative emotions.

Philippe Pinel - France

Benjamin Rush & Dorothea Dix - US

William Tuke - England

Proponents and countries where Moral Therapy/Mental Hygiene Movement was spread

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs; individual may have psychological disorder if the needs are not fulfilled, an individual will not progress.

Carl Rogers

Person Centered Theory; Psychological disorder can be cured through unconditional positive regard, empathy to clients, acceptance, genuineness, and caring.

Hans Selye

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS); If the stages are not managed, especially exhaustion, may lead to vulnerabilities and psychological disorders.

1. Alarm - Something might happen (warning)

2. Resistance - Body begins to repair itself

3. Exhaustion - Stress/other effects

Stages of GAS

Ego-Syntonic

behaviors are aligned with your personal values and self-image

Ego-Dystonic

actions that are inconsistent with your ego

Nicholas Oresme

suggested that melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons

Johann Weyer

founder of modern psychiatry; used compassion and pioneering approach in treating mental illness in Europe during the time of witchcraft