Basics of Chemistry

Acidic Solution

Has a pH below 7.0

Alkaline Solution

Had a pH above 7.0

Alkalis

(bases) compounds that react with acids to form salts

Alkanolamines

Alkaline substances used to neautralize acids or raise the pH of hair products

Alpha Hydroxy Acids

(AHA’s) acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are used to exfoliate the skin

Ammonia

Colorless gas with an odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen

Anion

Ions with - electrical charge

Atoms

The smallest chemical components (particles) of an element

Cation

Ions with + electrical charge

Chemical change

A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance

Chemical properties

can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

Chemistry

Science that deals with composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions

combustion

Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light

Compound molecules

(compounds) a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite proportions

Electrons

Subatomic particles with a - charge

Element

The simplest form of chemical matter

Elemental molecule

Molecule containing two or more atoms of the SAME element in definite proportions

Emulsifier

An ingredient that bring two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend

Emilsion

A unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscble substances plus a emulsifier

Exothermic reactions

Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat

Glycerin

Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams

Glycolic Acid

An alpha hydroxy acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products.

Immiscible

Liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions

Inorganic Chemistry

The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen

Ion

Ab atom or molecule that carries and electrical charge

Ionizations

The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions

Lipophilic

having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)

Logarithm

Multiples of 10

Matter

any substance that occupies space and has mass

Miscible

Liquids that are mutually soluble

(Can be mixed together to form stable solutions)

Molecule

A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite proportions

Neutrons

Subatomic particles with no charge

Oil-in-water emulsion

(O/W) oil droplets emulsified in water

Organic Chemistry

substances that contain the element carbon

Oxidation

A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide

Oxidation Reduction

(redox) a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (-oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (+oxygen)

Oxidizing agent

Substances that release oxygen

pH

Potential Hydrogen (represents the quantity of hydrogen ions)

pH scale

A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a substance

physical change

A change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or creation of a new substance

Physical mixture

A physical combination of matter in any proportion

Physical properties

Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance

Protons

Subatomic particles with a + charge

Pure substance

A chemical combination of matter in definite proportions

Reducing agent

A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound

Silicones

Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin , and nail polish dryers

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solution

A stable physical mixture of two or more substances

Solvent

The substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution

States of matter

Solid, Liquid, Gas

Surfactants

A contraction of surface active agents

(substance that allow water and oil to mix or emulsify)

Suspensions

Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid

Thioglycolic acid

A colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that will s used in permanent waving solutions

Volatile alcohols

Alcohols that evaporate easily

Volatile organic compounds

VOC’s compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate easily (volatile)

Water-in-oil emulsion

(W/O) water droplets emulsified in oil