Chapter 10 and 11 Social Studies

James Monroe

5th President who wanted to promote national unity in the spring and summer of 1817.

The Era of Good Feelings

Described Monroe's two terms in office as President

Why was it called The Era of Good Feelings

There was an abundance of national unity during this time.

John C. Calhoun

Spoke for the south and defended national unity and states' rights

Henry Clay

Spoke for people of the West who thought the country needed better roads and canals to transport goods

Daniel Webster

Spoke for the Northeast. Wanted tariffs to protect industry.

Definition of a charter

A legal document giving certain rights to a person or company.

The Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Definition of dumping

Selling goods in another country below marked price. People bought those instead of American goods.

The American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Gibbons v. Ogden

This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States

The Monroe Doctrine

The U.S. wouldn't allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with Latin America

Election of 1824

Andrew Jackson had the most votes but not the majority so it went to the House to be decided. Henry Clay backed out so all of his voters voted for John Q. Adams so he was made president.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson defeated John Q. Adams

Andrew Jackson as President

Very popular with the common man. Had a "Kitchen Cabinet" or group of men that he sought advice from rather than his cabinet. He disliked the Indians, hated the national bank, and supported the state's rights over the national government.

What tribes were removed from their lands in the Southeastern part of the United States?

Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, and Creek Native American nations

Why the U.S. government wanted to remove the Native American tribes from the Southeast

They felt they interfered with Westward Expansion. Wanted fertile land there

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831 - The court refused to stop Georgia from enforcing its law

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 - Court declared Georgia's laws "Can have no force" within the Cherokee Territory

Indian Removal

1838 - Martin Van Buren forced the Cherokees to leave

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee moved to the Indian Territory on this

Were forced to march hundreds of miles with little food or shelter

Conditions on the Trail of Tears

Little food or shelter

The Second Bank of the U.S.

Held the federal government money, lent money to states, and issued paper money. Business people supported it but many Americans didn't

Nullification

An action by a state that cancels a federal law to which the state objects

John C. Calhoun (For or against nullification)

For Nullification

Daniel Webster (For or against nullification)

Against Nullification

Tariffs passed by Congress

Congress passed more of them

What South Carolina threatened to do? Why?

Secede from the nation because of tariffs.

Martin Van Buren

Won the election of 1836

Panic of 1837

Economic collapse

William Henry Harrison

Whig candidate who won the election of 1840. Had a long speech and died after being elected

How were machines powered during the industrial revolution

Flowing water and steam engines

What did machines take the place of

People and horses

Richard Arkwright

English inventor, he patented the water-powered spinning frame, improving the production of cotton thread and built the first steam-powered textile plant

Factory system definition

Brings workers and machinery together in one place

What was first produced in these factories

Textiles

Where were factories first located

Riverbanks

Eli Whitney

invented the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his mill

Factory conditions

12-14 hours a day. Poorly lighted, Little fresh air, Machines were not made to protect workers

What happened if somebody got injured on the job

They would get fired

Water frame

Spinning machine that was powered by running water

Spinning jenny

Sped up the thread-making process

Interchangeable parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

Mechanical reaper

Made by Cyrus McCormick. Harvested more wheat with fewer workers

Clipper ship

Made by a bunch of inventors. Fastest boat available at the time.

Telegraph

Made by Samuel F.B. Morse. Helped with communication

Steamboat

Made by Robert Fulton. Helped with transportation

Steam Locomotive

Made by Peter Cooper. Helped with transportation

Why did cities begin to emerge?

They emerged around new factories that were made

What was the cost of living in cities

Fire spread easily and disease did too

Why did Germans immigrate

Harsh rulers there

Why did the Irish immigrate

Famine

Nativist definition

Wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants

Eli Whitney and the cotton gin

Sped up the processing of cotton and made it more profitable. Increased the value of enslaved workers. Made cotton the greatest source of wealth in the U.S.

Arguments for slave labor

It was more humane because they didn't have to worry about losing their job

Arguments against slave labor

Northern workers could quit their job whenever they wanted. Slaves suffered physical or other abuse.

Restrictions that were placed on free African Americans

Could only hold menial jobs. They couldn't vote, serve on juries, attend public schools, or testify against white defendants. Discouraged from traveling.

Types of work enslaved African Americans performed

Labor, housekeepers, butlers, and nannies

Ways African Americans preserved their culture

Music, dance, and spirituals

Ways African Americans resisted slavery

Worked slowly, pretended to not understand what they were told, break farm equipment, or run away

Canal definition

Channel that is dug across land and filled with water

Why were canals important?

Allowed boats to reach more places

National Road

Road running from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois; 1811. It was the first federally funded road

Erie Canal

Canal running from the Hudson River to Lake Erie; 1817. Allowed goods to be more efficiently and cheaply shipped between New York and the Midwest

Missouri Compromise

Maine was admitted as a free state. Missouri was admitted as a slave state. The Louisiana Territory north of Missouri's southern border was free of slavery. Southern slave owners gained the right to pursue escaped slaves into free regions.