OCR A M4 core organic chemistry

Hydrocarbons are made up of _____ and ______ only

carbon, hydrogen

Homologus series

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties, successive members differ by the addition of -CH2 group

functional group

Part of an organic molecule responsible for chemical properties

Some or all carbon atoms found in a benzene ring

aromatic

Carbon atoms form a ring with or without branches

alicyclic

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

aliphatic

Unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least 1 double carbon bond

alkene

Unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least 1 triple carbon bond

alkyne

saturated hydrocarbon containing single carbon bonds

alkane

a formula denoting the number of atoms in a molecule

molecular

simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound

empirical formula

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

general

shows the relative positioning of atoms and bonds

displayed formular

arrangement of atoms using the smallest level of detail

structural formula eg (CH3CH2CH3)

simplified organic formula

skeletal

same molecule formula but different structural formula

structural isomer

breaking covalent bonds process

bond fission

each atom has a single unpaired electron and 2 radicals are formed

homolytic fission

An atom takes both electrons, leaving one positive and one negative ion

heterolytic fission

A molecule is added to an unsaturated alkene

addition reaction

an atom/group of atoms is replaced by an atom/group of atoms

substitution reaction

the removal fo a small molecule from a larger one

elimination reaction

arrow representing the movement of a single, unpaired electric in mechanisms

curly arrow

an atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron

radical

are c-c bonds polar or non-polar

non-polar

alkanes produce carbon dioxide and water through what process

complete combustion

alkanes produce what in incomplete combustion?

CO, C, CO2 and H2O

alkanes react with ______ in the presence of UV (sunlight)

halogens

three stages of halogenation

initiation, propagation, termination

alkanes reacting with halogens is called

halogenation

mechanism for bromination of methane is called...

radical substitution

having the same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space

structural isomerism

E/Z isomerism only occurs in compounds which have a _______ bond

C=C double bond

rotation around a C=C bond is _____

restricted

conditions for hydrogenation of alkenes

- nickel catalyst
- 423 K

alkene mixed with hydrogen

hydrogenation

conditions for halogenation of alkenes

R.T.P

alkenes undergo a rapid reaction with halogens (Bromine or Chlorine)

halogenation

test for unsaturation

bromine water orange to colourless

addition reaction of alkenes and hydrogen halides conditions

gaseous hydrogen halide

If alkene is a gas for reaction with hydrogen halide, it is...

mixed with the hydrogen halide gas

If alkene is a liquid for reaction with hydrogen halide, the hydrogen halide is...

bubbled through the liquid

reaction of alkenes with steam

hydration reaction

conditions for a hydration reaction

- water must be in gaseous form
- phosphoric acid catalyst H3PO4

example of hydration reaction in industry

hydration of ethene to make ethanol

an atom or group of atoms which is attracted to a region of electron deficiency, where it donates an electron pair

nucleophile

an atom or group of atoms which is attracted to a region of electron density, where it accepts an electron pair.

electrophile

aldehyde suffix

-al

ketone suffix

-one

acyl chloride suffix

-oyl chloride

amine suffix

-amine

nitrile suffix

-nitrile

ester suffix

-oate

aldehyde functional group

-CHO

Ketone functional group

-C(CO)C-

ester functionalwhy group

C=O

acyl chloride functional group

-COCl

Amine functional group

-NH2

Nitrile functional group

-CN

a radical is different from an ion because a radical isn't necessarily ______

charged

C-H bonds are polar/non-polar

non-polar

C-C bonds are polar/non-polar

non-polar

alkanes are used as fuels because they are readily _____, easy to _____ and release _________ products in a plentiful supply of _____

available, transport, non-toxic, oxygen

stereoisomers which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

optical isomers

propane is an example of an....

alkane

methylpropane is an examples of a ....

branched alkane

propene is an example of an....

alkene

chloroethane is an example of a...

haloalkane

ethanol is an example of an...

alcohol

ethanal is an example of an...

aldehyde

propanone is an example of a...

ketone

cyclohexane is an example of a...

cycloalkane

ethanoic acid is an example of a...

carboxylic acid

methyl propanoate is an example of an...

ester

unsaturated compounds can have carbon-carbon ____ bonds, ____ bonds, or _____ groups

double, triple, aromatic

an alkyl group is a ____ of a molecule with general formula _______

fragment, CnH2n+1

three different types of structural isomers

chain, positional, functional group

chain isomers have different _____ properties but similar _____ properties

physical, chemical

positional isomers have the ______ _____ positioned on different carbon atoms

functional group

positional isomers have different ____ properties and might have different _____ properties

physical, chemical

isomers with different chemical and physical properties

functional group isomers

isomers with different physical properties and similar chemical properties

chain isomers

isomers with different physical properties and might have different chemical properties

positional

_____ isomers have the same atoms but arranged into different functional groups

functional group

atoms can rotate as much as they like around a _____ bond

c-c single

bond angle in alkanes

109.5

bonding shape around carbon atoms in alkanes

tetrahedral

between alkanes, there are induced _____-______ interactions also called _____ forces which hold them together

dipole-dipole, london

a branched-chain alkanes has a _____ boiling point than its straight-chain isomer

lower

dipole-dipole interactions are________ in branched-chain isomers as there are smaller ________ surface areas

reduced, molecular

carbon monoxide is better at binding to ______ than oxygen which leads to oxygen _______

haemoglobin, deprivation

halogens react with alkanes in _______ reactions which are started by ultraviolet light to get going

photochemical

a hydrogen atom is substituted by chlorine or bromine in an _______ ________ reaction

free-radical substitution

how is a sigma bond made?

the direct overlapping of a sigma bond

How is a pi bond formed?

bond formed by the sideways overlap of two adjacent p orbitals

____ bonds are much weaker than ____ bonds because the electron density is spread out above and below the nuclei

pi, sigma

alkenes are much more reactive than _____ due to:
- bonds are ______-_____
- C-C and C-H bonds are _____ bonds

alkanes, non-polar, sigma

alkene double bond opens up and atoms are added to the carbon atoms

electrophilic addition

electrophiles include ______ charged ions and _____ molecules

positively, polar

Markovnikov's Rule

the major product from additional of a hydrogen halide to an unsymmetrical alkene is the one where hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens already attached