Chapter 1
clinical chemistry
an applied science when analyses are preformed on body fluids or tissue specimens to provide important information for the diagnosis or treatment of disease
Egyptian and Mesopotamian
_________ and _________ doctors made diagnosis by listening to internal body sounds and palpating areas of the body
400 B.C.
When were observations made on urine specimens?
Hippocrates
Father of Medicine
tasting the patient’s urine
listening to the lungs
observing the patient’s appearance
Hippocrates’s methods for diagnosis
300 B.C. (ancient Greece)
Year when Hippocrates lived
A.D. 50
a physician in Ephesus discovers hematuria
1600s
microscope was invented
blood circulation was described
discovery of precipitating urine protein using heat and acid
Late 1700s
first tests of urine using yeast
sugar was discovered to be the source of sweetness in the urine of diabetics
1850s
laboratory medicine became more accepted
1890s
laboratory tests were performed by physicians using microscopes
1918
the American College of Surgeons required hospitals to have an adequately equipped and staffed laboratory
1920s
almost half of the USA had laboratories
clinical methods for measuring phosphorus and magnesium in serum was introduced
Folin-Ciocalteau
reagent Otto Folin created
Otto Folin
man who created several methods for determining urine analytes
1930s
refractometer was 1st used for measuring protein in urine
clinical determinations of ALP, ACP, serum LPS, serum and urine AMS, and blood NH3 were developed
Beckman Instruments
founded and introduced the first pH meter to measure the acidity and alkalinity of fluids
1940s
development of photoelectric colorimeters and vacuum collection tube for blood
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC)
organizations related to Clinical Chemistry founded in the 1940s
Levey and Jennings
adapted the Shewhart QC Chart to be used in the clinical lab
1950s
a method was developed to measure several enzymes and blood triglycerides
flame photometry
AutoAnalyzer
Technicon Corporation
introduced the AutoAnalyser
1960
laser developed
first mechanical pipetter
first random access analyzer for clin chem
Perkin-Elmer
introduced the atomic absorption spectrophotometer for the determination of calcium and magnesium
Auto Dilutor
first mechanical pipetter
Becton Dickon
introduced the disposable needle and syringe
IBM
developed Disk Storage computers
DuPont
introduced the first random-access analyzer for clinical chemistry