animal phys exam 3

What percentage of adults are unable to digest lactose

60-70

what is the principle sugar in mammal milk

lactose

what is the digestive enzyme of lactos

what sugars does lactose break into

glucose and galactose

lactase persistence

the continued production of lactase into adulthood, allowing for the digestion of lactose

what groups of people have the highest lactase persistence

northern europeans like the dutch and danes

what group of people have the lowest lactase persistance

Asian americans, africans, and native peoples

nutrition

the study of the chemical compounds that compose the boides of animal and how animals are able to sythesize the chemical components of their bodies from the materials they collect fro the environments

what else does the study of nutrition include

the study of the energy available from foods

what is the human body principally composed of

proteins and lipids

what is the most abundant atom type in humans

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

where is phosphorus used in the body

skeleton, nucleic acids, and phospholipid cell membrane

what makes up \~half of organic matter in mammals

proteins

what are the importances of proteins

1. abundant
2. enzymes
3. movement
4. structure

enzyme proteins

speed and regulate biochemical reactions

muscle proteins

resposible for locomotion

structural proteins

determine the structural properties pf tissues

what are the standard amino acids and how many are there

a set of 20-22 amino acids required for the sythesis of proteins in all organisms

what is the fundamental definition of proteins

string of amino acids composed of many amnio acid units

polypeptides

short strings of amino acids

dipeptides

two amino acids

tripeptides

three amino acids

what element do all proteins contain and how much

nitrogen \~16% in weight

what is the limiting element in many ecosystems

nitrogen

why is nitrogen the limiting element in many ecosystems

atmospheric nitrogen (N2) cannot be used by most organisms

what for of nitrogen do plants and algae use

Nitrate (NO3) and ammonium (NH4)

how do animals aquire nitrogen

from organic compounds in the tissues of plants or animals they eat

essential amino acids

amino acids that cannot be adequately synthesized, aquired fully formed from food or an outside source

what are the essential amino acids required in all adults and children

Isoleucine, Lecuine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Throenine, Tyrptophan, Valine

nonessential amino acids

amino acids animals are capable of synthesizing

what is the “just in time” strategy

raw materials are used when needed and not stored, so there is not a backlog of materials needed when a shortage occurs

what must occur for amino acids to be used opitmally for protein synthesis

the meal must supply the full required amounts of all essential amino acids

what compound is almost as abundant as proteins in the structure of an animals body

lipids

lipds

organic molecules composed principally of carbon and hydrogen that are predominantly nonpolar and hydrophobic

what is the chemical compound that most lipids have in common

fatty acids

fatty acids

hydrocarbons consisting of a chain of carbon atoms

tricylgycerols

fats and oils, three fatty acids combined with a glycerol

saturated fatty acids

all bonds are single bonds

unsaturated fatty acid

1+ double bonds

polyunsaturated fatty acids

2-6 double bonds

what are the principle components of cells and intra cellular membranes

lipids

why are lipids the main energy storage compounds

they store more energy per wieght than proteins or carbohydrates (double bonds)

essential fatty acids

omega-3 and omega-6

simpliest carbohydrate

monosaccharides - glucose and fructose

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides - sucrose (glucose + fructose)

what type of sugar is lactose

disaccharide (glucose +galacotose)

polysaccharides

10+ momsoaccarides

what is the primary structural carbohydraye in animals

polysaccharide chitin

what is the principle component of exoskeletons

chitin

what is the structureal compound of plants and algae

cellulose and hemicellulose

what are the most abundant organic compounds in the biosphere

chitin and cellulose

what are the three principle roles of carbohydrates

\

1. structural support and cell shape
2. storage compounds
3. transport compounds

what is the principle sotage compound of carbohydrates in plants

starch

what is the principle sotrage compound of carbohydrates in animals and where is it stored

glycogen, found primarily in the liver and muscles

why dont carbhydrates provide as much energy storage as lipids

the added weight of water of hydration

what does glycogen store and serve as

glucose and serves as a chemically specific energy source

where are transport carbohydrates found

dissolved in the blood or other moving body fluids

what is the prinicple blood-transport carbohydrate

glucose

True or False: there are essential carbohydrates

False: there are no essential carbohydrates

what is the noteworthy problem of carbohydrate digestion

many animals cannot digest cellulose, chittin, or other structural polysaccharides

vitamins

organic compounds that animals must obtai nin small quantities from food or other outside sources beacuse they cannot be synthesized

the need for vitamins is considered a consquence of ____ during evolution

opportunism

what is the use of most vitamins

key molecular subsytems, enzymes that bind with other enzymes to function as a catalyst

what are the sub units of vitamins

water soluble and lipid soluble

what are the lipid soluble vitamins

A, D, E, and K

what are water soluble vitamins

B and C

minerals

chemical elements required in nutrition

metalloproteins

metal atoms in the structures of proteins (40% proteins)

why is iodine important

thyroid hormone synthesis

why do scientist believe is the cause of wildebeest and zebra migration

quest for essential minerals : grasses in the northeast contain 1.5x as much calcium /weight

feeding

the process of obtaining and ingesting food

how do orcas feed

by attacking other animals that are modestly smaller than they are, such as fish and seals

how do blue whales feed

suspension feeding, ingest organisms suspended in the water

how do reef building corals feed

photosynthetic zooanxthelle

what is the primary feeding device of snails

radular apparatus

radular apparatus

small chitinous teeth stretched over a carilaginous rod, teeth hardened with iron or silica

what animal has the most extreme specialization of radular apparatus

venomous cone snail

what are most poisons composed of

proteins

what are the most common actions of poisons

1. inflict structural damage on a cell or basemnet membranes
2. interfere with nerve and muscle function by blocking the function of receptors or channel proteins

how are toxic compounds used to prevent predation

can be used with in tissues to defend nad repell predatorsz

the compounds within the tissues of these organisms that deter consumption. are called

secondary compounds, secondary metabolites, and allelochemicals

suspension feeding

feeding on objects suspended in water

what is a requirement for suspension feeders

to collect large numbers of food items becuase each food item is so small

what is suspension feeding so common in aquatic and marine systems

1. food abundance
2. ability to feed lower on the food chain and gain more energy

how much energy is passed between trophic levels

10%

what feeding methods do the most productive animal population employ

suspension feeding (whale shark and basking shark)

what is the clupeid group of fish known for

suspension feeding

baleen plates

keratine that hangs from the upper jaw, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the whales body, masses of water are consumed and the food particales are sieved out and consumed

three catagories of microbes

1. photosynthetic autotrophs
2. chemosynthetic autotrophs
3. heterotrophs

zooxanthellae

symbiotic zooxanthellae in corals

bleached corals

no longer have normal levels of chlorophyll or other algal pigments

where do chemosynthetic autotrophs generally occur

energy poor habitats

hydrothermal vent communities

places where warm water rises out of underwater cracks in the earths crust

what is the key to the profusion of animal life at hydrothermal vents

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, oxidize inorganic sulfides

energy shuttle in hydrothermal vent comm

trophosome

tissue in the

gut lumen

hollow central core of the gut, devoid of

gut microbiome

collections of heterotrophic microbes that live in the gut lumen

what functions for the gut microbiome plat in nutrition

1. acclimation to diet
2. differences in nutritional physiology
3. nervous system
4. immune responces

fermenting microbes

carry out fermentaion, enzyme atalyzed reactions that occur withour O2