Kingdom Fungi

What is the cellularity of most fungi?

Multicellular

What is the exception that are uniceullular?

Yeast

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

What are their cell walls made of?

Chitin

Are fungi motile or non motile?

Non motile

Are fungi capable of asexual or sexual reproduction?

Both

Which reproduction do they prefer in favorable conditions?

Asexual

Which reproduction do they prefer in harsh conditions?

Sexual

Hypha

basic cellular unit of a fungus

Mycelium

network of hyphae

Spores

propagating units, asexually or sexually, that create new individuals

How are asexual spores produced?

mitosis

How are sexual spores produced?

meiosis

Sporangium

sexual spore-producing bodies

Fruiting bodies

sexual reproductive structures used for spores

How are fungi classified?

Fruiting body type

Septate hypha

small, separated by a wall-like septum with a pore

contemporary fungi

Coenocytic hypha

large, multi nucleus, no septa/pores

primitive stage

Haustoria

cytoplasmic hand like extensions used for feeding

Gametangia

sex organs

What are the basic steps of sexual reproduction in fungi?

2 mycelia grow, Plasmogamy, Karyogamy, Meiosis, disperse, land and germinate

Plasmogamy

sharing of cytoplasm between two opposite gametangia

Karyogamy

fusion of nuclei from the two opposite gametangia producing diploid zygote

How do yeast reproduce?

budding

budding

two genetically identical of different size

What do all phylum end in?

Cota

Phylum Deuteromycota

lack of knowledge about sexual reproduction

Example of Deuteromycota

Penicillium notatum

Phylum Chytridiomycota

produce oogonia and antheridia sexually but zoosporangia asexually

What are most Phylum Chytridiomycota?

saprobes in lakes, some parasites

Phylum Zygomycota

fruiting body zygosporangium

What are most Phylum Zygomycota?

molds and mildews, saprophytes or saprobes

Pilobolus

decomposes animal dung by aiming its sporangia

microsporidia

unicellular zygomycete parasite, easily infect immune compromised patients

Phylum Glomeromycota

live inside plant root cells mutualistically, arbuscular mycorrhizae

Phylum Ascomycota

the sac or cup fungi, yeast, fruiting body ascocarp

Asci

finger-like sacs lining the ascocarp

Ascospores

8 produced by asci

What type of organism are ascomycetes?

saprobes and parasites

Neuro sporacrassa

a rapidly growing bread mold

Apothecium

cup/bowl, easy spore release but poor protection

Cleistothecium

completely closed, excellent spore protection but it must rupture to release its spore

Perithecium

flask, good blend of protection and easy spore release

ascogonium

knot-like" arrangement of hyphae

Phylum Basidiomycota

club fungi, shelf/bracket, smuts and rusts, fruiting body basidiocarp

What does a basidiocarp contain?

Gills lined with basidia containing basidiospores

Each basidium produces ___ basidiospores.

4

Rust

pathogenic on leaves or stems of plant

Smut

pathogenic of fruit of a plant

Yeast

sed in baking and brewing because of their ability to perform alcohol fermentation

Antibiotics

outcompete bacterial species

Fungal production of an antibiotic

kills bacteria growing nearby

Cheese ripening

blue cheese has fungal mold streaked through it

What is the ecological importance of Fungi?

Decomposition (saprophytic or saprobic fungi allow for the break-down of dead organic matter and the recycling of nutrients)

Mycorrhizae

mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant root cells

Ectotrophic mycorrhizae

fungi surround the root

Endotrophic mycorrhizae

fungi live inside the root cells

Lichens

mutualistic relationship between ascomycete fungus and red/green algae

Soredia

lichen fragments that contain fungal hyphae wrapped around algal cells

Types of lichen forms

Fruticose Foliose Crustose

Fruticose

shrub (grow in the tundra and is a major food source for reindeer and caribou)

Foliose

leaf (branches of wetland trees)

Crustose

crust (bark of trees)