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Social Revolutionary Party

crystallized the populist sentiments (interest in peasant probs and welfare, admired the mir, believed the horrors of capitalism could be skipped, did not believe that the urban proletariat were the truly revolutionary class)

Social Democratic Labor Party

not more revolutionary than the social revolutionaries but expected that the revolution would break out in more advanced places in the West, believed that the urban proletariat was the true revolutionary class

Russification

faced the Poles, Lithuanians, peoples of the Caucasus, scattered German communities, Muslim groups in Central Asia with the prospect of forcible assimilation into Russian culture

Pobiedonostsev

philosopher and chief official of Russification; also the procurator of the Holy Synod (laymen head under the tsar of the Russian Orthodox Church) who dreamed of turning Holy Russia into a kind of churchly community in which a disciplined clergy would protect the faithful from insidious European influences

Count Witte

under his reforming ministry in 1897, Russia adopted the gold standard, which made its currency readily exchangeable with others

Constitutional Democrats

rising business and professional classes (reinforced by enterprising landowners) who gained enough strength to form a liberal segment of public opinion, which emerged as a party in 1905; liberal/progressive/constitutionalist in the European sense, thinking not of troubles of factory workers and peasants but the need for nationally elected parliaments to control the policies of the state

Bolsheviks

"Majority"; faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party; Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin; Classical Marxism; believed the party should be a small, powerful group of intellectuals; dictatorship of the proletariat; discouraged trade unions; evolved into to communism

Mensheviks

"Minority"; evolved from the Russian Social Democratic Party; Unions; open party, influenced by all members; open to cooperation with the bourgeoise and liberals; believed that a parliament (Duma) would lead to socialism

Leninism

also Bolshevism- differed from Menshevism mainly on organizational and tactical matters; the party should be a small revolutionary elite of hardcore ppl; strongly centralized party with strong authority at the top

Nicholas II

man of narrow outlook who regarded all ideas questioning autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Great Russian nationalism as un-Russian; autocracy is best form of government for all the people!!!!!

Father Gapon

a priest granted permission by the police to try and organize the St. Petersburg factory workers (to try and counter the propaganda of the revolutionaries)

"Bloody Sunday"

refers to the shooting up of the unarmed, peaceable men, women and children who gathered before the tsar's Winter Palace in January 1905

"soviets"

councils of workers