Keystone

Author's Purpose 

What is the Authors opinion?

What info did they include/leave out?

Was it on purpose?

What’s the connotation of the authors word choice?

What is the overall tone?

Figurative Language 

Different writing tolls and techniques that authors use to make their writing more interesting or easier to understand.

Purpose of Figurative language

To better communicate a complex idea or thought. help to elicit emotion and create a mental image

Fiction vs. Nonfiction 

Fiction is imagination; fake nonfiction is facts and real events

Purpouse of imagery

helps convay and image in the readers wind. Makes the story more coptivation and engaging

purpose of personification

Givin human-like characteristics to non-human like things to help the reader relate to and better understand the text. Makes the text more engaging for the reader.

purpouse of flashback

Gives the reader an insight into the characteristcs history/backround that provides more context for the reader. Adds plot (loor).

Purpouse of simile

A comparison using like or as. makes the text ore interesting by comparing two nouns.

purpose of Metaphor

Helps the readers understand ,pay attention. dose not use like or as.

purpouse of Allusion

making a reffrence to something in order to make a compariston. The author uses this to make the text mre understandable and relatable.

purpouse of Forshadoing

hints as to what will have next in the story. creates tention and engagemnt in the story

purpouse of Satire

usage of exageration to poke fun or critec something. readers can understand the purpous of the story throug the authors opinion.

purpose of hyperboly

an exageration or overstatement not meant to be taken seriousely. Used to get a point accross.

purpouse of irony

serves as a way to teach lessons ads humor can create tention makes the text more relatable.

purpouse of dialect

a way to differentiate diffrent time period and region. This is used to make the reader feel immersed into the story.

purpouse of Allegory

to show example of what the author is trying to portay. a story poem picture usaly a hidden meaning.

purpouse of symbolism

convay a fact or idea better an object at represents an idea or though.

Kestone Exsam; Constrtructed Responce Grading

CCARS Clear, Consitant, Acuret, Revevent, Specific

AP anser the prompt

Anser the 2 peices / elements that need to eb ancered

two peices of evedence

thesis first (one paragraph)

Main Idea

Overal point of the story not a theme or moral byt a one sentence summary of the conflict or point of the story.

Key information that the author wants you to know.

Main Idea v.s. Theme

The main idea is what the book is mostly about. The theme is a mesage, lesson, or moral of the book.

Finding the main Idea

summarise each paragraph and identify the main topi/ point they all have in common.

What dose the author want me to know about the topic.

What is the character learning

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Denotation

dictonary defenition of the word

Conotation

the way a word feals and the context to the term. Sets a tone

purpose of satire

making fun of human vices, meaning, and shortcoming to make a point.

uses irony sarcasm ridicule or the like in exposing denouncing or deriving vice or folly

Satire

comody +social activism. Critisism with wit.

Affix

One or more letters occurring as a bound form attached to teh beggining , end, or base of a word and serving to produce a derivative word or an inflectional form (EX: a prefix or suffix)

Alliteration

the repetition of inital sounds in neighboring words.

Allusion

An inmplied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place or event.

Analysis

The process or result of identifiying the parts of a whole and their relationship to one another.

Antonym

A word that is the opposite in meaning to another word.

Argument/Position

The position or claim the author establishes. Arguments should be supported with valid evedence and reasonoing and balanced by the inclusion of counterargumnts that illustrate opposing veiwpoints.

Authors Purpose

The author’s intent either to inform or teach someone about something, to entertain persuade or convince his/her audience to do or not do something.

Bias

The subtle presence of a positive or negative approtch twoards a topic.

Biography

A written acount of another person’s life.

Character

A person, animal or inanimate object portayed in a literary work.

Characterzation

The method an author uses to reveal characters and their various traits and personalities (EX: direct ,indirect)

Climax

The tuning point in a narrative; the moment when the confilct is at its most intense. Typically, the structure of stories, novels and lays is one of rising action in whitch tention builds to the climax.

Comare/ Contrasr

Place together characters, situations, or ideas to show commpon and or diffrences within selections.

Contex clues

Words and phraes in a sentence, paragraph, and /or whole text, which help reason out the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Cultural Significance

teh generally accepted impotance of a work representing a given culture.

Defence of a Clim

Support provide to mark an assertion as reasonable.

Dialect

A variety of language distincet from the standerd variety in pronuncization, grammar or vocabulary.

Diction

An authors choice of words, phrases, sentence structure and figurtive language, which combine to help meaning and tone.

Differentiate

Distinguish, tell apart, and recognize diferences between two or more items.

Drama

The genera of literature represented by works intended for the stage; a work to be preformed by actors on a stage radio or television;play

Dramatic Script

The written text of a play, which included the dialogue betwee characters, stage directors and often other expository information.

Draw conclusion

To make a judgment or dicision based on reasoning rather than direct or implicit statement.

Elements of Fiction

Traits that mark a work as imaginative or narrative discourse (Ex: plot, theme. symbol).

Elements of Nonfiction

traits that mark a wrk as reportorial, analitical, informative, or argumentitve (Ex: facts, data, charts, graphics, headlings)

Evaluate

Exsamine and judge carefully. To judge or determin the significance, worth or quality of something to assess.

Explain

To make understandable, plain or clear

Explicit

Clearly expresed or fully stated in the actual text.

Exposition

A narative device, often used at the begining of a ork that provided necessary beckround information about the characters and their circumstances.

Fact

A peice of information provided objectively, presented as true

Falling Action

The part of a literary plot that is characterized by diminishing tensions and the resolution of the plot’s conflicts and complications.

Fiction

Any story that is the product of imagination rather than a documatation of fact. Characters and events in such naratives may be based in real life but their ultimate form and configuration is a creation of the author.

Figurtive Language

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or fealing.

First person

The “First person” or “personal” point of veiw relates events as they are perceived by single character. The narrating character may offer opinions about the action and characters that differ from those of the author.

Flashback

An organizatioal device used in literature to creat expectation or to set up an explanation of later developments.

Generalization

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to amek a droad statement about a topic or person.

Genre

A category used to classify literary works, usally by form, tchique or conflict (Ex: prose, poetry).

Headings, Graphics and Charts

Any visual cues on a page of text that offer additional information to guide the reader’s comprehension. Headings typically are words or phrases in bold print that indicate a topic or the teme of a portion of text; graphics may be photographs, drawings, maps or any other pictorial representation; charts (and tables or graphs) condense data into a series of rows, lines or other shortened lists.

Hyperbole

An exaggeration or overstatement (Ex: I had to wait forever.)

Imagery

Descriptive or figurtive language in a liteary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.

Implict

Through unexpresed in the actual text, meaning that may be understood by the reader, implied.

Inference

A judgement on reasoning rather tan on direct or explicit statemnt. A conclusion based on facts or circumstances, understanding gained by “reading between the lines”.

Informational Text

Nonfiction writen primarily to convey factual information. Informational texts comprise the majority of printed material adults read (EX: textbiooks, newspaper, reports, directions, brochures, technical manuals).

Interpret

To give reasons through an explanation to convey and represent the meaning or understanding of a text.

Irony

The use of a word or phrase to mean the exsact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incigruinty between te actual reult of a sequence of events and the expected result.

Key/Supporting Details:

Points of information in a text that strongly supports the meaning or tell the story. Statements that define, describe, or otherwise provide information about the topic, mood, or meaning of the text.

Key Words

Specific word chhoices in a text that storingly support the tone, mood, or meaning of the text.

Literary Device

Tool used by the author to enliven and provide voice to the text (EX: dialogue, alliteration)

Literary Element

An essential tecnique used tn literature (Ex: characterazation, setting, plot, theme).

Literary Form

The overall structure or shape of a work that frequently follows an established design. Forms may refer to a literary type (narative, short story) or to patterns of meter, lines, and rythems (stanza, verse).

Literary Movement

A trend or pattern of shared belifs or practices taht mark and approch to literatue (Ex: Realism, Naturalism, Romaticism).

Literary Nonfiction

Text that includes literary element and devices usually associated ith fiction to report on actual persons, places, or events. Exsamples include nature and travel text, biography, memoir and the essay

Main Idea

The authors centeral thought; the cheif topic of a expresed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic sentene of a paraghraph.

Metaphore

The comparison of two unlike things in which no words of comarason (like or as) are used (Ex: The speech game me food for thought).

Monologue

An extened speech spoken by one speaker, either to others or as if alone.

Mood

The prevaling empotions or atmosphere of a work derived form literary devices such as dialogue and literary element such as setting. The mood of a work is not always what might be expected based on its subject matter.

Motif

A recurring subject, theme, or idea in a literary work

Multiple-meaning Words

Words that have several meanings depending upon how they are used in a sentence.

Narative

A story, actual or fictonal, epresed orally or in text.

Narrator

A person,animal, or thing the story or giving an acount of something.

Nonfiction

Text that us not fictional; desighned primarily to explain, argue. instruct or describe rather than enterain. aFor the most part, its emphasis is factual.

Opinion

A personal veiw, attitude, or apprasial.

Personifacation

An object or abstract idea given human qualities or human form (EX: Flowers danced about the lawn.)

Plot

The structure of a story. The sequence in which the author arangges events in a story. The structure often includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and resolution. The plot may have a protagonist whp is opposed by an anagonst, created what is alled conflict.

Poetry

In its broadest sense, tect that sims to present ideas and ecoke an emotional experience in the reafer through the ise of meter, imegery and connotative and concrete words. Some poetry has a carefull constructed structure based on rthmic patterns. Poetry typically relies no words and expresions that have seversl layers of meaning (figurtive language). It ,ay also meke use of effect of regualr rythem on the ear and may make a strong appeal to the senses throigh the use of imagery.

Point of view

The position of teh narrator in relation to the story, ans indicaed bhy the narator’s outlook from ehich the events are depicted (Ex: forst person, therid person limited, third person omniscient, ect.) The perspective form which a speaker or author reocunts a narrative or presents information. The author’s manner in revaling characters, events, and ideas; the vantage point form which a story is told.

Prefix

Groups of letters places befoe a word to aler its meaning

Propaganda techniques - Name calling

An attacj on a person instead of an issue

Propagandatecnque - Bandwagon

tries to perswade the rraer to do, think or buy something becuae it is poular or becuase “everyone” is doiung it.

Propagansa - Red herring

an attempt to destract teh reader with details not relevent to the argument.

Propaganda Tecnique -n emotional appeal

tries to persuade the reader by using words that appeal to the readers emotion instead of appealing to logic or reason.

Propagana tecniques - Testimonial

attemps to persuade the reaer hy usingh a famous person to endose a product or idea (Ex: celeberty enorcement)

Propaganda tecniques - Repotition

attemps to persuade the reader by repeting a mesage over and over again.

Propaganda tecnique - sweeping generalization (steryotyping)

makes an oversimplified statement about a group based oin limited information