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What is Personality?
A branch of psychology devoted to studying the factors that make people unique individuals.
Unconscious Aspects
Factors outside of awareness influencing personality.
Ego Aspects
Factors providing a sense of identity or 'self'.
Biological Aspects
Genetic, physical, physiological, or temperamental factors affecting personality.
Cognitive Aspects
Patterns of thinking that influence behavior.
Correlation Coefficient
An index of association between two variables, ranging from -1.0 to 1.0.
Positive Correlation
As one variable increases, the other also increases.
Negative Correlation
As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Empirical Tradition
Focuses on studying mental processes through empirical research methods.
Psychometric Tradition
Involves measuring psychological traits and characteristics.
Projective Tests
Tests where respondents project aspects of themselves onto ambiguous stimuli.
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and manage emotional conflicts.
What is Reliability in psychological testing?
The consistency of test scores across different administrations.
What does Validity in testing refer to?
The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.
Face Validity
The degree to which a test appears to measure the proposed construct at a surface level.
Criterion-related validity
The correlation between test scores and relevant outcomes.
Freud's Id
The part of the mind that contains instinctual drives and operates on the pleasure principle.
Freud's Ego
The part of the mind that negotiates between Id impulses and the demands of reality.
Freud's Superego
The part of the mind that represents morality and the ethical teachings of family and culture.
What are Psychosexual Stages of Development?
Stages outlined by Freud that characterize the means of achieving gratification from infancy through puberty.
Fixation
The result of either overgratification or undergratification at any psychosexual stage.
What is Sublimation?
Expressing negative impulses in positive, socially acceptable ways.
Define External Validity
The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings.
Personality
A branch of psychology devoted to studying the factors that make people unique individuals, focusing on individual differences.
Correlation Coefficient
An index of association between two variables, ranging from -1.0 to 1.0.
Positive Correlation
As one variable increases, the other also increases (e.g., Dominance & Extraversion).
Negative Correlation
As one variable increases, the other decreases (e.g., Shyness & Extraversion).
Empirical Tradition
Established by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879, emphasizing empirical research methods to study mental processes.
Psychometric Tradition
Focus on early psychological assessment methods, with Franz Gall's phrenology as an early example.
Test Reliability
The consistency of test scores, indicating how stable the scores are over time.
Internal Consistency Reliability
Degree to which test items measuring the same construct are highly positively correlated.
Face Validity
Degree to which a test appears to measure the proposed construct on the surface.
Construct Validity
Degree to which the test measures the theoretical construct it intends to measure.
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological strategies used to manage anxiety arising from unconscious conflicts.
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