Personaility Unit 1 Study Guide .docx

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34 Terms

1

What is Personality?

A branch of psychology devoted to studying the factors that make people unique individuals.

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2

Unconscious Aspects

Factors outside of awareness influencing personality.

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3

Ego Aspects

Factors providing a sense of identity or 'self'.

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4

Biological Aspects

Genetic, physical, physiological, or temperamental factors affecting personality.

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5

Cognitive Aspects

Patterns of thinking that influence behavior.

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6

Correlation Coefficient

An index of association between two variables, ranging from -1.0 to 1.0.

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7

Positive Correlation

As one variable increases, the other also increases.

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8

Negative Correlation

As one variable increases, the other decreases.

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9

Empirical Tradition

Focuses on studying mental processes through empirical research methods.

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10

Psychometric Tradition

Involves measuring psychological traits and characteristics.

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11

Projective Tests

Tests where respondents project aspects of themselves onto ambiguous stimuli.

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12

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and manage emotional conflicts.

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13

What is Reliability in psychological testing?

The consistency of test scores across different administrations.

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14

What does Validity in testing refer to?

The degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure.

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15

Face Validity

The degree to which a test appears to measure the proposed construct at a surface level.

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16

Criterion-related validity

The correlation between test scores and relevant outcomes.

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17

Freud's Id

The part of the mind that contains instinctual drives and operates on the pleasure principle.

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18

Freud's Ego

The part of the mind that negotiates between Id impulses and the demands of reality.

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19

Freud's Superego

The part of the mind that represents morality and the ethical teachings of family and culture.

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20

What are Psychosexual Stages of Development?

Stages outlined by Freud that characterize the means of achieving gratification from infancy through puberty.

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21

Fixation

The result of either overgratification or undergratification at any psychosexual stage.

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22

What is Sublimation?

Expressing negative impulses in positive, socially acceptable ways.

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23

Define External Validity

The extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings.

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24

Personality

A branch of psychology devoted to studying the factors that make people unique individuals, focusing on individual differences.

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25

Correlation Coefficient

An index of association between two variables, ranging from -1.0 to 1.0.

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26

Positive Correlation

As one variable increases, the other also increases (e.g., Dominance & Extraversion).

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27

Negative Correlation

As one variable increases, the other decreases (e.g., Shyness & Extraversion).

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28

Empirical Tradition

Established by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879, emphasizing empirical research methods to study mental processes.

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29

Psychometric Tradition

Focus on early psychological assessment methods, with Franz Gall's phrenology as an early example.

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30

Test Reliability

The consistency of test scores, indicating how stable the scores are over time.

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31

Internal Consistency Reliability

Degree to which test items measuring the same construct are highly positively correlated.

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32

Face Validity

Degree to which a test appears to measure the proposed construct on the surface.

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33

Construct Validity

Degree to which the test measures the theoretical construct it intends to measure.

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34

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies used to manage anxiety arising from unconscious conflicts.

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