positioning final sem 2

AP lumbar spine CR (and lateral)

crest

spot lateral LSP

1.5 distal crest and 2 posterior to ASIS, 5-8 caudad

LSP oblique

5o top, 30 bottom, posterior oblique the downside zygo, CR 1-2 sup crest

AP axial L5-S1 not routine

cephalic 30-35 to asis

HNP- herniated nucleus pulposus

herniated disk

spondylothesis

disk slips froward

spinda bifida

incomplete closing of spine and membranes around spinal cord

spondylisis

defect/ fracture

chance fx of LSP or CSP

hyperflexion/ old lap belts

sacrum

15 cephalic, cr between asis and SP

coccyx

10 caudad, 2 superior to PS

SI joints bilateral

30-35 cephalic, 2 inf to ASIS

25-30 posterior obl si joint

upside is the best seen, CR 1 medial to upside ASIS

clay shovel fx CSP

C6 spinous process fx

compression fx of Cspine

from flexion or axial loading

Hangmans fx of CSP

C2 or C3

jefferson fx CSP

communited fx of C1, bc of axial loading

scheuermanns disease

kyphotic

AP axial CSP

Cr= C4, 15-20 cephalic

obl CSP

45 degree, 15-20 caudad angle, CR C4

hyper extend and flexion pics of CSP

only when fracture is ruled out

when do you see CSP IVF

45 ant oblique

when do you see zygos in a lumbar spine

oblique

negative contrast

air

positive

barium

contradictions for doing an esophogram

perforated viscus

wheres the most exposure going during flouro

head and foot end of table

achalasia

reduced peristalsis of esophagus

Barretts

esoph gets abnormal cells due to chronic reflux, may turn cancerous, nissen fundoplication to fix

esophageal varices

dilation of veins due to increased portal hypertension

GERD

smoking, aspirin, alc, increase risk

zenkers diverticulum

large OUT POUTCHING

fistula

abnormal connection between 2 parts

esoph positions are all centered

to t5-t6

best positions for esophogram to see the esophagus

RAO 35-40 degrees (esoph over heart shadow)

valsalva (demonstration for reflux)

bear down, hold breath

mueller (demonstration for reflux)

breath in on closed glottis

compression

prone with paddle

water test

drink water while supine

toe touch

bend over

5 ways to demonstrate reflux

toe touch, compression, valsalva, mueller, water test

bezors

mass of undigested material

trichobezor

hair

phytobezor

vegetables ,seeds, fiber

diverticula

outpouching

gastritis

inflamed stomach

hernia

stomach through diaphram

pyloric stenosis

projectile vomit

prep for ugi

8 hour NPO, no smoking or gum

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

chole

bile

cysto

pertaining to sac or bile

cholangiogram

biliary ducts

cholecystocholangiogram

gall bladder and cuts

cholecytisis

inflamation of gall bladder

cholecystectomy

removal of gall bladder

cholelithiasis

gallstones

where does barium sit supine

fundas

where does barium sit prone

pools, in pylorus

enteritis

inflammation of small intestine

gastroenteritis

stomach and SB inflamed

regional enteritis

Crohns

Chrons

chronic inflammation with ileum, abscess common

giardiasis

infection of the lumen of the small bowel by flagellate protozoan, spread by contaminated food or water

the 2 types of illeus

adynamic and mechanical

adynamic

no peristalsis

mechanical

blockage due to tumor, or hernias

meckels diverticulum

birth defect found in ileum of SB, SAC like projection off the intestine

Neoplasm

benign or malignant tumor

carcinoid

most common tumor of SB, can be malignant

lymphoma and adenocarcinoma

malignant ca of SB, stacked coin, apperance

Sprue

unable to absrob nutrients

whipples

proximal small bowel disease, deposits fat into SB

if perforation in small bowel and needs contrast

water soluable

enterocyysis

double contrast of SB

prep for small bowel

NPO 8 hours

colitis

inflamed large bowel

diverticulum

outpouch of msucosal wall

diverticulitis

large pouch gets inflamed

adenocarcinoma

typical, forms applecore or napkin rings lesion

polyps

INWARD pouch

vovulus

twisted

intussusception

telescoping bowel

for a BE the should be so higher than

24 in

BE position

Simms

for a BE don’t insert more than

3-4 cm

To see right hepatic flexure

35-45 RAO,

too see left splenic flexure

35-45 LAO or RPO