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What is photosynthesis adapted to absorb?

Photosynthesis is chemically adapted to the radiation most prevalent in visible light.

Which wavelengths of light do chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb best?

Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb violet, blue, and red light better than other colors.

Where are chlorophylls located in plant cells?

Chlorophylls are located in the thylakoid membrane within the grana of chloroplasts.

What are the two pathways of light reactions in photosynthesis?

The two pathways are the noncyclic and cyclic electron pathways.

What occurs in the noncyclic electron pathway?

In the noncyclic pathway, energized electrons leave chlorophyll a of photosystem II, move through an electron transport chain, and enter photosystem I.

What are the end products of the noncyclic electron pathway?

The noncyclic electron pathway produces NADPH and ATP.

What is released when water is split during photosynthesis?

Oxygen is liberated when water is split.

How do hydrogen ions contribute to ATP production?

Hydrogen ions are concentrated in the thylakoid space, and their flow down the concentration gradient through ATP synthase forms ATP from ADP and P.

What is chemiosmosis?

Chemiosmosis is the process that requires hydrogen ions to produce ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

What is the role of Rubisco in the Calvin cycle?

Rubisco fixes carbon dioxide to RuBP during the Calvin cycle.

What is G3P and how is it related to glucose formation?

G3P is a 3-carbon molecule that, when one out of every six joins with another G3P, forms glucose phosphate.

What distinguishes C3 photosynthesis?

C3 photosynthesis occurs when a plant uses the Calvin cycle directly, producing a 3-carbon molecule after carbon fixation.

What characterizes C4 photosynthesis?

C4 photosynthesis involves fixing carbon dioxide in mesophyll cells, forming a 4-carbon molecule, which is then transported to bundle sheath cells.

How do CAM plants adapt to their environment?

CAM plants fix carbon dioxide at night and release it to the Calvin cycle during the day.

What conditions do C4 and CAM photosynthesis adaptations address?

C4 and CAM photosynthesis are adaptations to hot, dry environments that help conserve water.

What happens to other G3Ps in the Calvin cycle?

Other G3Ps remain in the Calvin cycle for RuBP regeneration.

What is the significance of NADPH and ATP in photosynthesis?

NADPH and ATP from light reactions are used to build carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.

What is the first product formed after carbon dioxide fixation in the Calvin cycle?

The first product is a 3-carbon molecule, which is G3P.

What process converts light energy to chemical energy during photosynthesis?

The light reactions of photosynthesis convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

What is the function of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

ATP synthase allows hydrogen ions to flow down their concentration gradient, producing ATP from ADP and P.