Genetic Material and Protein Structure: ATI TEAS 7 Science Review

Chromosome

Structure in the nucleus made of DNA that carries genetic information

Gene

Segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Molecule that stores genetic instructions

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA

DNA structure

Double-stranded molecule

DNA bases

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine (A, T, C, G)

RNA structure

Single-stranded molecule

RNA bases

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine (A, U, C, G)

Central dogma of biology

DNA → RNA → Protein

Order of protein synthesis

DNA → mRNA → Protein

Transcription

Process of copying DNA into mRNA

Location of transcription

Nucleus

Product of transcription

mRNA

Base pairing in transcription

A-U, T-A, C-G, G-C

Translation

Process of building a protein from mRNA

Location of translation

Ribosome

Codon

Three-base sequence on mRNA

Protein

Molecule made of amino acids that performs cell functions

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins

Protein function depends on

Shape and structure

DNA change (mutation)

Can change protein structure

Change in protein

Can change a trait

Function of DNA

Stores genetic instructions

Function of RNA

Carries instructions

Function of ribosomes

Build proteins

End product of gene expression

Protein

Genetic material summary

DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins that determine traits

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