1.1.4 Cell Differentiation

What is cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells change to become specialised for their role by developing new sub-cellular structures.

What controls cell differentiation?

Cell differentiation is controlled by some genes being switched on or off, producing different proteins that cause the cell to change.

What is the role of stem cells in differentiation?

Stem cells can differentiate into different types of specialised cells.

How does cell differentiation differ in animals and plants?

In animals, most cells differentiate early in life and then lose the ability to do so, while in plants many cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.

What happens to specialised cells in animals that cannot divide?

Specialised cells that cannot divide, such as red blood cells, are replaced by adult stem cells which can still differentiate.

When does cell division occur in mature animals?

In mature animals, cell division is mainly for growth in early life and then for repairing or replacing damaged cells.

How does differentiation work in plants?

In plants, many types of cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life, and cells can re-differentiate if they are moved to another position.