Chapter 12 Groups

When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. Once a few other people sat down at nearby bikes, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called?

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social facilitation

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People sometimes feel less personally accountable and less concerned about what others think of them when acting as part of a group. This most clearly contributes to

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social loafing.

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How do groupthink and group polarization differ?

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Groupthink is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. Group polarization describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making. \n \n \n Group polarization is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. Groupthink describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making. \n \n \n Group polarization facilitates greater effort, such as people jogging longer when jogging in groups. Groupthink refers to how some group members slack while a few do the bulk of the work (e.g., on group projects or in study groups). \n \n \n Groupthink facilitates greater effort, such as people jogging longer when jogging in groups. Group polarization refers to how some group members slack while a few do the bulk of the work (e.g., on group projects or in study groups).

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Group polarization is the name for the process of a group developing more extreme views about someone or something. Groupthink describes how peer pressure within groups leads to poor decision making.

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Group leaders should refrain from expressing strong opinions at the beginning of discussions. Leaders should also encourage their teams to consider alternative ideas and treat dissenters respectfully. In this way, leaders can prevent which of the following from happening?

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groupthink

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At a meeting of the American Association of Knitting Enthusiasts, five people are elected to a committee to create a mission statement. Devin spends the entire committee meeting looking at her cell phone and texting and contributes nothing to the work. She is sure the other four will get the work done fine without her. Devin's behavior is most likely the result of

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social loafing.

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According to Zajonc, the presence of other people affects performance because it ____________ , which leads the person to ____________. \n \n (1pts) \n \n \n increases arousal; select the adaptive response \n \n decreases arousal; respond less strongly \n \n decreases arousal; seek further stimulation \n \n increases arousal; make a dominant response

increases arousal; make a dominant response

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Drew is working on a class project in which he needs a high grade because the class is required for his major. The others in his group are aware of that and also know that Drew is an excellent student. Drew finds that the others are depending on him to do the vast majority of the work. The others in Drew's group are demonstrating \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n group polarization. \n C) \n social loafing. \n D) \n cognitive dissonance.

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C) \n social loafing

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Social loafing is MOST likely to occur among \n A) \n audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced. \n B) \n factory workers paid on the basis of individual level of productivity. \n C) \n a group of runners competing for first place in a race. \n D) \n students who are each assigned a different topic for their course term papers.

A) \n audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.

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A) \n audience members who are asked to applaud after a speaker is introduced.

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People sometimes feel less personally accountable and less concerned about what others think of them when acting as part of a group. This most clearly contributes to \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n group polarization. \n C) \n social loafing. \n D) \n cognitive dissonance.

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C) \n social loafing.

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Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among \n A) \n women in cultures that value collectivism. \n B) \n women in cultures that value individualism. \n C) \n men in cultures that value collectivism. \n D) \n men in cultures that value individualism.

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D) \n men in cultures that value individualism.

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Blindfolded university students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates \n A) \n social loafing. \n B) \n the chameleon effect. \n C) \n group polarization. \n D) \n social facilitation.

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A) \n social loafing.

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Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to \n A) \n perform a complex task more poorly when others are present. \n B) \n exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal. \n C) \n exert less effort when they are paid by the hour, not by the amount of work completed. \n D) \n become more distracted from their tasks when working with friends than when working with strangers.

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B) \n exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal.

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Comedy routines that are mildly amusing to people in an uncrowded room seem funnier in a densely packed room. This is best explained in terms of \n A) \n deindividuation. \n B) \n social facilitation. \n C) \n social loafing. \n D) \n cognitive dissonance.

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B) \n social facilitation.

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Tyree is a skilled cyclist. When practicing on a stationary bike, his coach finds that when the women's cycling team enters the gym, his speed seems to increase significantly. Tyree's increase in speed illustrates \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n group polarization. \n C) \n deindividuation. \n D) \n mood linkage.

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A) \n social facilitation.

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On which of the following tasks would the presence of others be MOST likely to lead to improved performance? \n A) \n reciting the months of the year in alphabetical order \n B) \n learning foreign language words \n C) \n counting backward from 10 to 1 \n D) \n learning nonsense syllables

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C) \n counting backward from 10 to 1

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Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n group polarization. \n C) \n deindividuation. \n D) \n mood linkage.

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A) \n social facilitation.

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The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because \n A) \n an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates free riding. \n B) \n the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity. \n C) \n arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks. \n D) \n group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in a group.

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C) \n arousal inhibits the correct performance of difficult tasks.

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Professional athletes perform better before an audience than when alone. This best illustrates \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n group polarization. \n C) \n conformity. \n D) \n social loafing.

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A) \n social facilitation.

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Social facilitation refers to the tendency to \n A) \n neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group. \n B) \n perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others. \n C) \n lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity. \n D) \n comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.

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B) \n perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.

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Deindividuation refers to \n A) \n lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group. \n B) \n the tendency to comply with a large request after agreeing to a small request. \n C) \n a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity. \n D) \n the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.

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C) \n a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity.

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When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n groupthink. \n C) \n deindividuation. \n D) \n mood linkage.

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C) \n deindividuation.

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After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point, angry fans throw bottles and begin to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of \n A) \n groupthink. \n B) \n deindividuation. \n C) \n cognitive dissonance. \n D) \n social facilitation.

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B) \n deindividuation.

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During a riot, a large sporting event, or mob action, people may lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as \n A) \n normative social influence. \n B) \n social facilitation. \n C) \n deindividuation. \n D) \n social loafing.

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C) \n deindividuation

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Professor Janis was hired to help the campus police avoid riots after football game losses. He knows these riots are caused by situations that foster deindividuation. To help counteract deindividuation, the authorities should \n A) \n increase self-awareness. \n B) \n increase feelings of anonymity. \n C) \n increase antisocial behavior. \n D) \n increase arousal.

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A) \n increase self-awareness.

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The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called \n A) \n group polarization. \n B) \n social facilitation. \n C) \n mood linkage. \n D) \n the chameleon effect.

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A) \n group polarization.

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Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which \n A) \n little communication is possible. \n B) \n individuals share a similar opinion. \n C) \n each individual has a unique perspective. \n D) \n individuals have not formed any opinion.

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B) \n individuals share a similar opinion.

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Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of \n A) \n social facilitation. \n B) \n groupthink. \n C) \n group polarization. \n D) \n deindividuation.

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C) \n group polarization.

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Groups of citizens from liberal Boulder, Colorado, and groups of citizens from conservative Colorado Springs, Colorado, were asked to discuss socially relevant issues such as affirmative action and same-sex unions. After group discussion, the groups from Boulder expressed increasingly ________ positions and the groups from Colorado Springs expressed increasingly ________ positions. \n A) \n liberal; liberal \n B) \n moderate; moderate \n C) \n conservative; liberal \n D) \n liberal; conservative

D) \n liberal; conservative

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Individuals who believe that the death penalty should be abolished meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be \n A) \n even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished. \n B) \n convinced that the death penalty should be retained. \n C) \n sharply divided over whether the death penalty should be abolished. \n D) \n in favor of a more moderate position on the issue.

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A) \n even more convinced that the death penalty should be abolished.

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A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact without outside moderating influences best illustrates \n A) \n mood linkage. \n B) \n deindividuation. \n C) \n group polarization. \n D) \n social loafing.

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C) \n group polarization.

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A group of homophobic high school students discussed prejudice against gays. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates \n A) \n group polarization. \n B) \n the chameleon effect. \n C) \n social facilitation. \n D) \n deindividuation.

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A) \n group polarization.

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By enabling like-minded White supremacists to pool their ideas, Internet social networking sites are likely to contribute to \n A) \n the chameleon effect. \n B) \n social facilitation. \n C) \n social loafing. \n D) \n group polarization.

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D) \n group polarization.

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The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of \n A) \n deindividuation. \n B) \n mood linkage. \n C) \n cognitive dissonance. \n D) \n groupthink.

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D) \n groupthink.

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Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink? \n A) \n social facilitation \n B) \n cognitive dissonance \n C) \n group polarization \n D) \n mood linkage

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C) \n group polarization

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