APUSH Period 1-5

Period 1 Overview (1491-1607)

Period 1 Overview (1491-1607)

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P1: Test Structure

~Period 1 is roughly 5% of the exam

~You wil NOT see an essay exclusively on this period

(Could see topic that incorporate this period)

Ex: Experienced of European countries in America

P1: Why was 1491 - 1607 chosen for date?

~1491= 1 year prior to European contact

~1607= 1st permanent English settlement - Jamestown

~Much of the focus of this period is on the Native life PRIOR to contact, and interactions between Natives, Africans, and Europeans (Columbian Exchange)

P1: Maize

Corn, grown by Native in the Southwest US and Mexico

P1: Great Plains and Great Basin

Lack of resources, led to nomadic lifestyles

P1: Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between Europe, Africa, and the Americas

~Impact on Americas - diseases impacted Natives, guns and horses transformes Native life, racially mixed populations (Mestizos)

~Impact on Europe - potatoes and maize led to large population growth, increase in capitalism

~Impact on Africa - Slave trade - Middle Passage (Spanish and Portuguese in West Africa)

P1: Encomienda System

Royal grants of land by the Spanish Crown to settlers

~Settler promised to Christianize Natives

~Eventually was replaced with African slave labor

P1: Autonomy

Independence, Self-Rule

~Africans and Natives sought to preserve their autonomy after contact with Europeans

Period 2 Overview (1607-1754)

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P2: Test Structure

~Period 2 is roughly 10% of the exam

~Essay topics could include:

Comparing and Contrasting European powers

Characteristics of British colonies

P2: Why was 1607 - 1754 chosen for the dates?

~1607= 1st permanent English settlement - Jamestown

~1754= beginning of the Seven Years' War

~This time period continues to focus on European colonization, with England representing a significant amount of focus

P2: New England Colonies

~Establish by Puritans - like-minded community, mix of agriculture and commerce

P2: Middle Colonies

~Cereal crops - religiously, demographically, and ethnically diverse

P2: Chesapeake Colonies

~Grew Tobacco

~Relied on Indentured Servants, and later African slaves

P2: Southern Colonies and West Indies

~Grew staple crops (sugar), heavy use of slave labor

P2: Pueblo Revolt

~Native American rebellion in Southwest of US

~Spanish sought to end Native practices that were inconsistent with Christianity

~The Pueblos rebelled, expelled Spanish for over 10 years

~Eventually, the Spanish regained control, began to advocate the religious assimilation of Natives

P2: Anglicization of the British Colonies

~Process of colonies "becoming" or taking on British characteristics

~Seen through: Trans-Atlantic print Culture, Commercial Ties, etc.

P2: Enlightenment

~Focus on reason and intelligence

~Individuals began to question forms of government

Montesquieu - Separation of Powers, Locke - Consent of the Governed

P2: Mercantilism

~Goal is to make $ for the mother country

~Positive balance of trade that favors the mother country

Period 3 Overview (1754-1800)

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P3: Test Structure

~Period 3 is roughly 12% of the exam

~Essays could be on The Seven Years' War as a turning point, the American Revolution, Comparing and Contrasting the AOC and the Constitution

P3: Why was 1754 - 1800 chosen for the dates?

~1754= beginning of the Seven Years' War

~1800= Jefferson's election

~This time period on the shift in the relationship between the British and the Colonists, which culminates in the American Revolution

~Additionally, the structure of American government is a focus with the AriticaLs of Confederation (AOC) and the Constitution

P3: Seven Years' War

~Fought between the British/colonists and the French/natives

~British won, France is removed from North America

~WATERSHED event - Britain ends salutary neglect, begins to tax colonies -> colonial resistance

Be able to identify/explain two new taxes, and the colonists response Ex: Stamp Act -> Stamp Act Congress -> Repeal of Stamp Act -> Declaratory Act

P3: Thomas Paine's Common Sense

~Enlightenment thinker, urged the colonists to break away from Great Britain

P3: Declaration of Independence

~Written by Jefferson, Adams, and Franklin, inspired by Common Sense and Enlightenment thinkers (Locke)

~List of grievances against King George III

P3: Colonial War for Independence

~Us won is spite of: Loyalist Opposition, Military and Financial Advantages by Great Britain; because of Support from Europe (France), Ideological Commitment

P3: Articles of Confederation

~ Created a very weak central government

(Could not tax, no national military, 9 out of 13 states to pass laws, all 13 required to amend Articles)

P3: Northwest Ordinance

~Process for admitting states into the Union (60,000 inhabitants)

~Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory

~Established public education

P3: Constitution

~ Based on Federalism and Separation of Powers

(Prevents one branch/level of government from abusing its power

~Series of Compromises with Limits on National Powers

Great Compromise - established a bicameral legislature, one house based on population, one had equal representation per state (Senate)

3/5 Compromise - 60% of slaved would count as population toward representation

Slave Trade Compromise - outlawed the international slave trade after 1808

~The Constitution did not deal with slavery - Postponed a Solution to the Problem of Slavery

P3: Bill of Rights

~Added AFTER the Constitutional Convention

~Guaranteed Rights - satisfied the Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution

P3: Impact of the Ideals of the Declaration of Independence and American Revolution?

~Led to the French Revolution

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas as well

Helped lead to divisions between Jefferson and Hamilton

~Haiti and Latin America experienced rebellions as well

P3: George Washington's Farewell Address Warned Against:

~Foreign Alliances

~Political Parties

(After WWII (Period 8), the US entered into peace time alliances)

P3: Tensions with Britain and France

~Helped lead to the created of political parties

P3: "Republican Motherhood"

~Encouraged women to raise children and install Republican values in their families

~Women gained more access to education

Period 4 Overview (1800-1848)

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P4: Test Structure

~Period 4 is roughly 10% of the exam

~Essay topics could include:

Reform movements inspired by 2nd Great Awakening

Westward Expansion and impact on slavery

Impact of Market Revolution on regions of the US

P4: Why was 1800 - 1848 chosen for the dates?

~1800= Jefferson's election

~1848= Seneca Falls Convention - Women's Rights Convention

~This time period focuses on the Market Revolution, the increase in democracy, and several reforms inspired by the 2nd Great Awakening

P4: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

~First political parties, formed in response to Hamilton's Financial Plan, French Revolution

~Federalist tented to be upper-class, advocate a loose interpretation of the Constitution, were pro-British (trade), favored merchants, and like the BUS

~Democratic-Republicans tented to be commoners - middle-class, advocate a strict interoperation (pre LA Purchase), were pro-French (Rev. War), favored farmers, and dislikes the BUS

P4: Democrats and Whigs

~2nd Party System - Whigs were formed in response to "King Andrew I"

~Democrats tented to be the party of the "Common Man", favored universal, white male suffrage, Spoils system, wanted to lower tariffs

~Whigs tented to favor tariffs, a strong Congress, BUS, and internal improvements

P4: Louisiana Purchase

~Beginning of Manifest Destiny

~Doubled the size of the US

~Jefferson switched from strict to loose interpretation