geography - 1: urbanisation

What is urbanisation? Where is this most rapid?

The increase in the proportion of people who live in towns and cities. Most rapid in NEEs.

Two key causes of urbanisation.

Natural increase and rural to urban migration.

What is natural increase?

Where the birth rate is significantly higher than death rate.

Causes of rural to urban migration?

• Better housing for people.

• More services & infrastructure (leading to job opportunities).

• Access to healthcare/food/water/education.

What is a squatter settlement?

An area of poor-quality housing which often develops spontaneously and illegally in a city of a low-income country.

What is groundwater?

The water that exists beneath the Earth's surface, held within the spaces between soil and rock particles or within cracks in rocks.

What is a megacity and name an example?

A megacity is a city with a total population exceeding 10 million. Examples include: Tokyo, Mexico City, Beijing, Jakarta, Lagos.

Where is Lagos located?

A city found in Nigeria, bordering Benin and Cameroon, located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

What are the challenges, opportunities, and solutions in Lagos?

Challenges:

• Rapidly growing economy.

• Polluted atmosphere.

• Lots of rubbish on the streets — unappealing to tourists.

• No clean water in the (Makoko) slums.

Opportunities:

• Technology.

• Eko Atlantic programs brings jobs.

• Access to services and education.

Solutions:

• Eko Atlantic may improve Lagos’ appearance.

• Preventions of flooding effects.

• Floating schools.

Facts about Lagos:

• 80% of Nigeria’s industry is based around Lagos.

• By 2040 Lagos could be the third largest city.

• Under 40 life expectancy in the Makoko slums.

• Lagos officially became a megacity in 2010.

• 30% of Nigeria’s GDP originated from Lagos.

• 7-10% of Lagos has piped water supply?

Why is Lagos important (inter)nationally?

• Large contributor to Nigeria’s GDP.

• Many HQs for large companies are located here.

• Transport hub.

• Busy seaport and international airport.

• Thriving art & culture.

What is the Eko Atlantic project?

A project taking place on Victoria Island; providing accommodation for over 250,000 people and job opportunities for a further 150,000.

What are the pros of Eko Atlantic?

• Brings direct investment to Lagos.

• Provides potential for economic growth.

• Job opportunities.

• Targeted at the wealthy (higher revenue and less price-sensitive?)

What are the cons of Eko Atlantic?

• Slum settlements will need to be removed.

• Local fishermen have their livelihoods disrupted.

• May cause water pollution.

• No payment plan for land.

• Use of sand may accelerate coastal erosion.

• Targeted at the wealthy (smaller market size?)

What was the project to improve education in Makoko?

The Floating Schools:

• Built with sustainable materials.

• Meets the social and physical needs of the people.

• Adapts to their lifestyle.

• HOWEVER could be affected by severe weather and possibly dangerous for the children.

What did these floating schools plan to look like?

What was the project to improve access to services in Lagos?

Lagos Metropolitan development and Governance Project (LMDGP):

• Investment in critical infrastructure.

• Takes place in 9 of the worst slums in Lagos, including Makoko.

• Will benefit approx 1.1 million people through improved sanitation and education.

• HOWEVER 15 factories were unfunctional, and only an estimated 60% of the planned 450 classrooms were built.

What is the informal sector and state 3 problems with it.

Economic activities that are not formally registered or regulated by the government, for example shoe washing and street vendors. It is low-paying, dangerous, and tiring.

What are 3 ways water is obtained in Lagos?

Wells, boreholes, and street vendors.

(6 MARKER)

Describe and explain how urban growth creates opportunities for people in LICs and NEES.

POINT 1: RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION (3)

• This is when mainly young people move to a more urban area due to several push/pull factors (such as…)

• Brings opportunities since services will be more available.

• Means they’ll live a more sustainable life.

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POINT 2: NATURAL INCREASE (3)

• When the BR exceeds the DR. Therefore population will naturally increase.

• It brings job opportunities and more people to run self-employed businesses and shops.

• Could however push more people to the informal sector which could be dangerous.

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CONCLUSION:

• Overall, both natural increase and migration create opportunities for people to live a better life.