IGCSE CIE Geography: 3.1 - Development

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GNP

Gross National Product

GDP per Capita

Gross Domestic Product per Person

GNP per Capita

Gross National Product per Person

Literacy Rate

The % of people able to read and write.

Life Expectancy

The age that people are expected to live to in a country.

HDI (Human Development Index)

A composite index which includes literacy rate, life expectancy and income per capita that overall measure and assess a country's development.

Primary Sector

Sector of the economy associated with the extraction of raw materials from the earth.

Secondary Sector

Sector of the economy associated with the manufacturing of raw materials into finished goods.

Tertiary Sector

Sector of the economy associated with the provision of services.

Quaternary Sector

Sector of the economy that holds knowledge and skill in technology.

Examples of Jobs in the Primary Sector

Agriculture, fishing, mining etc.

Examples of Jobs in the Secondary Sector

Processing, welding, construction etc.

Examples of Jobs in the Tertiary Sector

Education, medical care, banking etc.

Examples of Jobs in the Quaternary Sector

Computing, R&D etc.

Relationship Between the Level of Development of a Country and the Proportion of Population Employed in a Sector

As a country becomes more developed:

- The primary sector declines.

- The secondary sector expands, then declines.

- The tertiary sector expands.

- The quaternary sector expands.

De-Industrialisation

The decline in manufacturing (i.e. the secondary sector).

Globalisation

The process of worldwide integration and the expanding of economies (i.e. businesses and traditions) around the world with cultural exchange which creates branches and influences the world.

Transnational Corporations

Large businesses that have multiple subsidiaries around the world.

Reasons for Globalisation

Development in technology.

Improved transport networks.

Large amount of government deregulation and privatisation.

The growth of multinational (transnational) corporations.

Rostow's Model

A model which demonstrates the changes in an economy through time and development.

Stage 1: Traditional society

Stage 2: Precautions to take off

Stage 3: Take off

Stage 4: Drive to maturity

Stage 5: Age of mass consumption

Stage 1: Traditional Society

Almost entirely a primary sector economy with a lack of individual or economical mobility.

Stage 2: Precautions to Take Off

External demand for raw materials initiates economic growth. Trade begins to emerge and crops are traded abroad. Economies gain mobility.

Stage 3: Take Off

Urbanisation and industrialisation increases, and technology is advancing. Secondary sector expands and primary sector begins to decline.

Stage 4: Drive to Maturity

Industries diversify and businesses expand. Multinational corporations are born and production shifts from capital goods to consumer goods.

Stage 5: Age of Mass Consumption

Primary sector is greatly diminished; the tertiary sector expands and the quaternary sector emerges. Technology is very advanced and there is widespread of high-value consumer goods.