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A collection of flashcards covering key concepts related to sampling, its importance, types, methodologies, and ethical considerations.
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Sampling
Selecting a subset of elements from the larger population.
Population Parameter
Summary of something in the greater population.
Sample Statistics
Summaries of data gathered from a sample.
Census
Gathering of data from a collective that includes every element of the population.
Advantages of Census
Censuses provide complete data about the population.
Disadvantages of Census
Resource intensive, often to the point of being impossible.
Sampling Error
Error between sample statistics and population parameters.
Biased Sample
A sample that fails to include a particular type of individual or groups.
Unit of Analysis
What or who is being studied and analyzed in research.
Individual Unit
The most common unit of analysis used in criminology.
Geographic Regions
Includes city blocks, census tracks, cities, counties, states, or countries.
Social Artifacts
Tangible social products used in research.
Unit of Observation
Unit from which data are collected to answer a research question.
Ecological Fallacy
Error where conclusions of a group are applied to an individual.
Individualist Fallacy
Conclusions based on an individual are applied to a group.
Probability Sampling
Selecting a subset of elements from a comprehensive list of population.
Sampling Frame
Comprehensive list that includes all elements of the population.
Simple Random Sampling
Known and equal probability of elements being drawn into the sample.
Stratified Sampling
Sampling frame divided into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subgroups.
Cluster Sampling
Clusters are sampled, then unit in each cluster is used to gather data.
Purposive Sampling
Sample selected based solely on a particular characteristic of the case.
Margin of Error
Greatest expected difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter.
Saturation
Search for sources is complete as no new information is found on a topic.
Common Pitfalls
Generalizing findings that are not generalizable and misapplying findings.
Ethics Associated with Sampling
Using an inappropriate sampling approach is unacceptable and wasteful.