Exam 4: Chapter 10 The Muscular System

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100 Terms

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Contractile tissue
What does all muscle tissue consist of?
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Prime Mover
Major responsibility for producing specific movement
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Antagonist
Opposes or reverses movement
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Synergist
muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
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Fixators
type of synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle's origin rather than enhancing movement of prime movers
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muscle location
Criteria for naming: bone or body region with which muscle is associated Ex. temporalis
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Muscle shape
Criteria for naming: distinctive shapes Ex. Deltoid
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muscle size
a criteria for naming skeletal muscle: e.g., maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
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Direction of muscle fibers or fascicles
a criteria for naming skeletal muscle: e.g., rectus (fibers run straight), transversus (fibers run at right angles), and oblique (fibers run at angles to imaginary defined axis)
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number of origins
a criteria for naming skeletal muscle: Ex. biceps brachii
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location of attachments
named according to point of origin or insertion Ex. Sternocleidomastoid
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Muscle action
named for action they produce, e.g., flexor or extensor
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Flexor
Crosses on the anterior side of a joint Ex. Pectoralis major
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Extensor
Crosses on the posterior side of a joint Ex. Latissimus dorsi
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Abduction
movement away from the midline
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Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
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Fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers
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circular
fascicle arranged in concentric rings Example: orbicularis ores and orbicularis oculi.
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Convergent
broad origin; fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion Ex. Pectoralis major
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Fusiform
ex. biceps brachii
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Parallel
Muscle fibers are parallel to one another Ex. Sartorius
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Pennate
short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle
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Unipennate
fascicles attach only to one side of tendon Ex. extensor digitorum longus
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Bipennate
Fascicles insert from opposite sides of tendon Ex. Rectus femoris
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Multipennate
fascicles appears as feathers inserting into one tendon Ex. Deltoid
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lever, effort, load
components of a lever system
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lever
rigid bar (BONE) that moved on a fixed point called a fulcrum (JOINT)
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Effort
Force (supplied by muscle contraction) applied to a lever to move resistance (load)
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load
resistance (bone + tissues + any added weight) moved by the effort
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Mechanical advantage (power lever)
load is close to fulcrum, with effort far from the fulcrum (small effort can move a large load)
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Mechanical disadvantage (speed lever)
load is far from fulcrum, with effort close to fulcrum
Load moved rapidly over large distance; offers wider range of motion
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first class lever
Fulcrum is between the load and effort (Example: raising the head off the chest)
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second class lever
Load is between the fulcrum and effort (Example: standing on toes)
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third class lever
Effort is applied between the fulcrum and load (Example: most skeletal muscles, bicep curl)
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temporal fossa
origin of temporalis
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coronoid process of mandible
insertion of temporalis
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closes jaw and elevates mandible
action of temporalis
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Zygomatic arch + bone
Origin of masseter
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angle and ramus of mandible
insertion of masseter
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prime mover of jaw closure
action of masseter
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sternum and clavicle
origin of sternocleidomastoid
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mastoid process
insertion of sternocleidomastoid
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Flexes and laterally rotates head
action of sternocleidomastoid
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occipital bone, C7 and thoracic vertebrae
origin of trapezius
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Spine of scapula and lateral end of clavicle
insertion of trapezius
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Stabilizes and moves scapula
action of trapezius
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Lateral end of clavicle and spine of scapula
origin of deltoid
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deltoid tuberosity of humerus
insertion of deltoid
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prime mover of arm abduction
action of deltoid
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clavicle and sternum
origin of pectoralis major
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intertubercular suleus and greater tubercle
insertion of pectoralis major
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adducts and medially rotates arm
action of pectoralis major
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pubic crest and symphysis
origin of rectus abdominis
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xiphoid process and ribs 5-7
insertion of rectus abdominis
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Flexes and rotates vertebral column
action of rectus abdominis
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short head: coracoid process
long head: supraglenoid tubercle
origin of biceps brachii
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radial tuberosity
insertion of biceps brachii
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flexes and supinates forearm
action of biceps brachii
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long head: infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral + Medial head: Posterior shaft of humerus
origin of triceps brachii
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olecranon of ulna
insertion of triceps brachii
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extends forearm
action of triceps brachii
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distal humerus
origin of brachialis
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coronoid process of ulna
insertion of brachialis
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flexes forearm
action of brachialis
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distal end of humerus
origin of brachioradialis
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radial styloid process
insertion of brachioradialis
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flexes forearm
action of brachioradialis
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lateral epicondyle of humerus
origin of extensor digitorum
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distal phalanges of 2-5th fingers
insertion of extensor digitorum
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prime mover of finger extension
action of extensor digitorum
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Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior ulna
origin of flexor carpi ulnaris
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pisiform, hamate, base of 5th metacarpal
insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris
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powerful flexor and adductor of the hand
action of flexor carpi ulnaris
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Anterior iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine
origin of tensor fascia lata
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iliotibial tract
insertion of tensor fasciae latae
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Steadies leg and trunk on thigh by tightening IT band
action of tensor fascia lata
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Anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabulum
origin of rectus femoris
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patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
insertion of rectus femoris
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extends leg and flexes thigh at hip
action of rectus femoris
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Long head: Ischial tuberosity
Short head: linea aspera and distal femur
origin of biceps femoris
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head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
insertion of biceps femoris
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extends thigh and flexes leg
action of biceps femoris
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anterior superior iliac spine
origin of sartorius
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medial aspect of proximal tibia
insertion of sartorius
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flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh
action of sartorius
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Ramus and body of pubis and ischial ramus
origin of gracilis
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medial aspect of proximal tibia
insertion of gracilis
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adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
action of gracilis
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near pubic symphysis
origin of adductor longus
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linea aspera
insertion of adductor longus
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adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
action of adductor longus
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dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
origin of gluteus maximus
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gluteal tuberosity of femur and IT band
insertion of gluteus maximus
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major extensor of thigh
action of gluteus maximus
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lateral condyle and tibial shaft
origin of tibialis anterior
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medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
insertion of tibialis anterior
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prime mover of dorsiflexion
action of tibialis anterior
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medial and lateral condyles of femur
origin of gastrocnemius
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posterior calcaneus
insertion of gastrocnemius
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plantar flexes foot
action of gastrocnemius