chapter 13 quiz

What are the first line of defense

skin and mucous membranes

Where are the following lymph nodes located

submandibular: under the jaw prescapular: near shoulder axillary: armpits of front limbs inguinal: in groin popliteal: caudal aspect of rear limbs

Where do T lymphocytes mature

thymus

5 steps of phagocytosis

1. activation & chemotaxis

2. attachment

3. ingestion

4. destruction

5. exocytosis

What is opsonization? how does it help in getting rid of microorganisms

coating of a microorganism with components that help it to be more easily identified by macrophages if macrophages can identify a microorganism, it is easier for the macrophage to destroy the microorganism

3 options for the cytokines communicate with cells that secreted them

1. autocrine - acts on the cell that excreted it

2. paracrine - close by

3. endocrine - far away

Adaptive vs. Innate which ones acts locally and which one acts systemically

innate acts systemically

adaptive acts locally

What are 2 types of adaptive immunity

humoral immunity: involves B cells producing antibodies. Cellular immunity: involves T cells that target infected cells.

5 types of immunoglobins

igM: largest in size, came first

igG: small in size and most common

Iga: protects body surfaces from region substances using mucosal surfaces, lungs and intestinal tract; would include intranasal vaccines

igE: binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, protect against parasitic infections

igD: activates basophils and mast cells

What are the factors that determine the likehood of disease

exposure, mode of infection/transmission, virulence, immune system strength & resistance

Types of hypersensitivity reactions

type 1: antigens bind to the surface of the igE antibodies on the surfaces of basophils and mast cells second exposure can produce anaphylactic shoch very quickly

type 2: occurs when infection is already present; immune system itself is the cause of the disease rather than the cure; body is destroying itself

type 3: antibody and antigen from an immune system complex; most commonly causes acute inflammation and damage to affected areas

type 4: cell-mediated reactions; often by intracellular pathogens; usually bacterial infections