Biology 242 Exam #3

Integumentary, muscular

regulation of temperature

digestive

nutrient access and exchange

circulatory and respiratory

gas exchange, solute balance, and waste exchange

immune, lymphatic, and integumentary

defense against diseases and parasites

reproductive

ability to reproduce

endocrine

regulation of cellular and organ functions

nervous system

regulation of cellular and organ function and sensing the environment

muscular

responding to the environment

what are the 4 main tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

tissue

a group of cells with similar appearance and function

epithelial tissue

line the outside of the body and internal cavity; responsible for absorption and secretion; a barrier for pathogens

nervous tissue

responsible for the receipt, processing and transmission of information

muscle tissue

responsible for voluntary movement, involuntary organ movement, and heart contraction

connective tissue

secretes proteinaceous extracellular matrix that holds tissues and organs together

adaptation

an inherited trait of an organism that increases its ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment

natural selection

a process in which individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at higher rates compared to other individuals that don't have those traits

evolution

a change in trait frequency in a population of organisms over time

fitness

the number of offspring an organism contributes to the next generation throughout its life

acclimation

a physiological change during an organism's lifetime to aid its survival or reproduction; may or may not be temporary/ reversible

adaptation

a heritable, genetic trait that confers a benefit to survival or reproduction; does not change during an organism's lifetime

homeostasis

the steady physiological condition of a body; Maintains a stable, optimal environment for bodily functions and blood pH

Thermoregulation

regulating internal temperature

negative feedback

the output of a system inhibits its own production. Maintains equilibrium

regulator

maintain homeostasis in a physiological variable, often different from ambient conditions

comformer

an organism that does not regulate its internal environment to maintain homeostasis

endotherms

get their heat for metabolism

ectotherms

get their heat from the environment

poikilotherms

organisms that do not have constant body temperatures

homeotherms

Organisms that maintain a consistent body temperature

radiation

a gain in heat via contact with sunlight

Evaporation

transfers heat as water changes from liquid to gas

convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid

conduction

heat from one object to another through physical contact

brown adipose tissue

a fatty tissue that is filled with mitochondria that use the fatty acids to make heat

thermal connectivity

the ability of a material to transmit heat

insulation

layers with low thermal connectivity (hair, fat, fur, feathers)

adipose tissue

serves as insulation: fat has low thermal connectivity

vasoconstriction

the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

vasodialation

Increases in the diameter of superficial blood vessels; cools the body.

countercurrent heat exchange

arteries and veins run parallel to each other. Arteries going outward donate their heat to the veins going inward (heat transferred to self rather than being lost to the environment)

behavioral thermoregulation

behaviors that allow the organism to seek and use external factors such as sunlight or warm rocks to change their internal temperature

evaporative cooling

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state.

behavioral fever

Ectotherms regulate their body temperature to fight off an infection by moving into warmer areas

to maintain homeostasis cells require...

oxygen, water, energy sources, building blocks, and solutes

gastrovascular cavities

a digestive cavity with only one opening; found in simple animals

open circulatory system

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood in the most complex invertebrates

closed circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels in some invertebrates and vertebrates

single circulatory system

a circulatory system where the blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart. less efficient.

Double circulatory system

Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circuit of the body e.g. in a human

benefits of heart compartmentalization

higher pressure of blood flow and a separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

cost of heart compartmentalization

poor oxygenation to the right side of the heart

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

pulmonary artery

artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs

Asterioles

leads to the capillaries; carry blood away from your heart

capillaries

Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

Venuels

smallest veins; drains blood from capillaries to the larger veins

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

the 4 chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

atria

the two upper chambers of the heart; collects blood coming into the heart from veins

ventricles

pump blood out of the heart through the arteries

right side of the heart

receives deoxygenated blood from the body and sends it to the lungs

left side of the heart

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body

atrioventricular valves

Valves located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting.

semilunar valves

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta

pulmonary loop

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic (body) loop

cycles blood through the rest of the body to distribute oxygen

systolic blood pressure

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling

left semilunar valve stenosis

thickening of the valve, obstructing blood flow

bradycardia

abnormally slow heartbeat

dehydration

lower blood volume, lower blood pressure

parasymphatic nerves

lowers heart rate by secreting acetylcholine

sympathetic nerves

increases heart rate by secreting epinephrine; during exercise or flight or fight responses

Epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

nitric oxide

gas released by many small neurons; alters blood flow as well as neuronal activity

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

larynx

the hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals; the voice box.

trachea

Allows air to pass to and from lungs

bronchus

passageway leading from the trachea to a lung

bronchiole

one of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide

alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

partial pressure equation

% (in decimal) x pressure

inhalation

diaphragm and rib muscles contract, lungs expand- lowering pressure relative to outside

exhalation

diaphragm and rib muscles relax, lungs passively contract ( i.e. deflate)- raising pressure relative to outside

Ventilation

where the exchange of air or water occurs

external respiration

gases cross from air or water into our blood

cellular respiration

gases are used and produced as part of metabolism

CO2 and O2 circulation in blood stream

ventilation, external respiration, transportation within blood, internal respiration

rate of diffusion

amount of gas diffusing through a given area over a given time

ventilation

the movement of air through conducting passages between the atmosphere and the lungs

respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

gills

are out folding of the body surface, present in many aquatic vertebrates (fish) and invertebrates (lobsters, marine worms)

tracheal systems and lungs

infoldings of the body surface, lungs present in terrestrial vertebrates, some terrestrial inverts; tracheal systems in many terrestrial inverts

negative pressure ventilation

Drawing of air into the lungs; airflow from a region of higher pressure (outside the body) to a region of lower pressure (the lungs); occurs during normal (unassisted breathing).

postive pressure ventilation

the process of using external pressure to force air into a patient's lungs, such as with mouth-to-mask or bag-mask ventilations

3 roles of nutrients in the body

chemical energy, building blocks for macromolecules, essential nutrients

essential nutrient

substances that an animal requires, but cannot assemble from simple organic molecules

4 types of essential nutrients

fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins (faaamv)

fatty acids

needed for the synthesis of phospholipids and prostaglandins

amino acids

building blocks of proteins