States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces

Intramolecular Forces

Forces that hold atoms together within the molecule/compound, also called bonds

Intermolecular Forces

Forces between molecules that hold the atoms together, based on attraction and repulsion

Solid

State of matter in which attractive forces are higher than kinetic energy

Liquid

State of matter in which kinetic energy and attractive forces are equal

Gas

State of matter in which kinetic energy is higher than attractive forces

Ion-Dipole Force

Intermolecular force between ions and polar molecules, moderate strength

Dipole-Dipole Force

Intermolecular forces between polar molecules, weak

London Dispersion Force

Intermolecular forces found in all molecules, occurs due to temporary fluctuations in electron dispersion, mainly noticed between nonpolar molecules (induced dipole)

Hydrogen Forces

Intermolecular forces that are a form of dipole-dipole but are only between molecules with O-H, N-H, or F-H

Coulomb’s Law

Strength of forces depend on charge and distance, attraction increases with higher charge and closer distance

Solvation of Ions

When a cation exists in a solution, it is surrounded by the negative dipole ends of H2O molecules which cause it to dissolve

Hydrogen Bond Donor

Molecule that can provide a hydrogen atom to a hydrogen bond, must be O, N, or F bound to H

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor

Molecule of O, N, or F with at least one lone pair

Strong Dispersion Force

Molecules that are larger, have increased boiling points, and are unbranched