Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle - Molecules

ATP

FADH2

NADH

QH2

Glucose

Hexokinase

Step 1 - conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate (regulated)

Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P)

Fructose 6-phosphate (F6P)

Phosphohexose Isomerase

Step 2 - conversion of G6P to F6P (equilibrium)

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP)

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP or G3P)

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

Step 3 - Conversion of F6P to FBP (regulated)

Aldoase

Step 4 - Conversion of FBP to DHAP and G3P (equilibrium)

Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM)

Step 5 - Conversion of DHAP to G3P (equilibrium)

GAP DH

Step 6 - Conversion of GAP + Inorganic Phosphate + NAD into BPG and NADH

1,3- BIsphosphoglycerate (BPG)

3-phosphoglycerate (3PG)

2-phosphoglycerate (2PG)

Phosphoglycerate Kinase

Step 7 - BPG is converted into 3PG + ATP (equilibrium)

Phosphoglycerate Mutase

Step 8 - Conversion 3PG to 2PG (equilibrium)

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Enolase

Step 9 - Conversion of 2PG into PEP (equilibrium)

Pyruvate

Pyruvate Kinase

Step 10 - Conversion of PEP and ADP into Pyruvate and ATP (regulated)

Pyruvate DH

Links Glycolysis to TCA - Converys Pyruvate into Ac-CoA + CO2

Acetyl-CoA (Ac-CoA)

Lipoate, TPP, FAD

Coenzymes of Pyruvate DH

Citrate Synthase

Step 1 - Converts OAA + Ac-CoA into Citrate (regulated)

Oxaloacetate (OAA)

Citrate

Aconitase

Step 2 - Converts citrate into isocitrate with the use of water (equilibrium)

Isocitrate

Isocitrate DH

Step 3 - Converts isocitrate into alpha-ketoglutarate using NAD which then becomes NADH (regulated).

Alpha-Ketoglutarate

Alpha-Ketoglutarate DH

Step 4 - Converts Alpha-Ketoglutarate into Succinyl-CoA + CO2. NAD is oxidized, and same coenzymes as Pyruvate DH used (regulated).

Succinyl-CoA

Succinyl-CoA Synthetase

Step 5 - Converts Succinyl-CoA into Succinate. GTP is generated in the process (regulated).

Succinate DH

Step 6 - Succinate is converted into Fumarate. FADH2 is created, and then reduced to recycle FAD. Electrons move to Q (equilibrium).

Fumarase

Step 7 - Converts Fumarate in to Malate (equilibrium).

Fumarate

L-Malate

Malate DH

Step 8 - Converts L-Malate into OAA. NAD is reduced during this (equilibrium).

L-Lactate