Civil Rights Test

de facto segregation

segregation by practice/custom (neighborhoods, schools)

de jure segregation

segregation enforced by law (Jim Crow laws)

redlining

denying services based on race/area

sundown towns

towns that enforced racial exclusion after dark

Jim Crow laws

state/local laws enforcing racial segregation, especially in the south

black power movement

emphasized racial pride and self defense, Stokely Carmichael (thought that black people should control their own future), Black Panthers (self advocacy)

Montgomery Bus Boycott

sparked by Rosa Parks, led by MLK Jr, 1955-56

Little Rock Nine

federal troops sent by Eisenhower to enforce school desegregation, photo of white mob yelling at black girl, 1957

Selma Marches

protest for African American voting rights

Bloody Sunday

violence on Edmund Pettus Bridge

Freedom Rides

protesters integrated buses and terminals across the South

Woolworth Sit-ins

started by Greensboro Four to protest lunch counter segregation (photo of four black men at counter)

Tulsa Race Massacre

destruction of Black Wall Street (Greenwood District), long term social/economic impacts, 1921

Plessy V. Ferguson

separate but equal upheld (1896)

Brown v. Board of Education

overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, segregation in schools ruled unconstitutional (1954)

Morgan v. Virginia

banned segregation on interstate buses (1946)

Norris v. Alabama

African Americans cannot be excluded from juries (1935)

Sweatt v. Painter

law schools must admit Black student if no equal facility exists (1950)

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

led Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington, advocated nonviolence and civil disobedience

Malcolm X

Early career: Black nationalism, separation

Later: more cooperative stance, still emphasized Black self determination

Stokely Carmichael

introduced "Black Power" slogan, associated with SNCC and later the Black Panthers

CORE/SNCC

organized sit-ins, freedom rides, grassroots voter registration

Booker T. Washington

due process + basic education = industrial education, gradual social and political equality

WEB DuBois

immediate civil rights, co-founded NAACP

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

equal protection under the law

15th amendment

Black men's right to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed segregation in public places and discrimination in employment

Voting Rights Act of 1965

ended literacy tests and protected voting rights

Ghosts of Mississippi film

case of Medgar Evers' assassination, new trial of Bryon De La Beckwith in the 1990's, changes in court systes and jury composition between the 1960's and 1990's

Emmett Till

14 year old brutally murdered in Mississippi (1955), sparked national outrage, killers admitted guilt after acquittal