CHP 19 VOCAB (All)

MR PAZ WHYYY

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus.

Bacilli

Rod-shaped prokaryotes

Cocci

Sphereical prokaryotes

Spirilla

Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes

ChemoHetrotrophs

Hetrophic prokaryotes must take in organic molecules for both energy and a supply of oxygen

PhotoHetrotrophs

Uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds and oxygen in a process similar to that used by green plants.

Chemoautotrophs

Does not require light as a source of energy to make organic carbon molecules form carbon dioxide

Obligate aerobes

Organisms that require a constant supply of oxygen in order to live

Obligate anaerobes

Does not require oxygen and may be killed by it

Facultative anaerobes

Able to function in different ways depending on their environment; can survive with or without oxygen

Binary Fission

When a bacterium has grown do that it has nearly doubled in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half producing two identical “daughter” cells.

Conjugation

The ability to exchange genetic information.

Endospore

Formed when a bacterium produces a thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm

Nitrogen fixation

Allow nitrogen atoms to continually cycle through the biosphere

Virus

Particles of nucleic acid, protein and in some cases lipids

Capsid

A vrius’s protein coat

Bacteriophages

Viruses that infect bacteria

Lytic infection

When a virus enters a cell and makes copies of itself, which causes the cell to burst.

Lysogenic infection

When a virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host’s DNA.

Prophages

The viral DNA that is embedded in the host’s DNA

Retroviruses

Produces a DNA copy of their RNA

Pathogens

Disease-causing agents

Vaccine

A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens

Antibiotics

Compounds that block that growth and reproduction of bacteria

Viroids

Sing-stranded RNA molecules that have no surrounding capsids

Prions

Protein infection particles