AbPsy - Chapter 14: Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD

group of condition characterized by an early onset and persistent course that are believed to be the result of disruptions to normal brain development.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

pattern of inattention, such as being disorganized or forgetful about school or work -related tasks, or of hyperactivity and impulsivity.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Characterized by a persistent pattern of difficulties sustaining attention and/or impulsiveness and excessive or exaggerated motor activity.

Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

Two categories of symptoms (subtypes) in adhd

inattentive subtype

what some may cal l ADD, noting the absence of hyperactivit

Combined subtype

individuals meet criteria for both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity

internalizing

Girls with ADHD - tend to display more behaviors referred to as"____"

Conduct disorder

-precursor to ASPD

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

includes a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing and defiance toward parents and other authority figures .

Conduct disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Bipolar disorder

disorders with overlapping symptoms of adhd

copy number variants

mutations occur that either create extra copies of a gene on one chromosome or result in the deletion of genes

dopamine,

neurochemical implicated I the cause of ADHD.

dopamine D4 receptor gene, the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), and the dopamine D receptor gene.

There is strong evidence that ADHD is associated with these genes

Psychopharmacogenetics

study of how your genetic makeup influences your response to certain drugs.

Specific Learning Disorder

Characterized by performance that is substantially below what would be expected given the person's age, intelligence quotient (IQ) score, and education.

dyslexia.

best known and most widely researched specific learning disorder are a variety of reading/writing di fficulties known col lectively aa

Specific Learning Disorder

significant discrepancy between a person's academic achievement and what would be expected for someone of the same age—referred to by some as "unexpected underachievement."

Specific Learning Disorder

Delays in cognitive development in the areas of language, speech, mathematical, or motor skills that are not necessarily due to any demonstrable physical or neurological defect.

response to intervention

identifying a child as having a specific learning disorder when the response to a known effective intervention (for example, an early reading program) is significantly inferior to the performance by peers.

communication disorders

group of disorders seems closely related to specific learning disorder includes childhood-onset fluency disorder (previously called stuttering) and language disorder.

left hemisphere

brain area that appear to be involved in problems with dyslexia (word recognition)

Broca's area

brain area that (affects articulation and word analysis

area in the left occipitotemporal area (

affects recognizing word form)

intraparietal sulcus

seems to be critical for the development of a sense of numbers and is implicated in mathematics disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

neurodevelopmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors including deficits in language and perceptual and motor development; defective reality testing; and impairments in social communication.

"pervasive developmental disorders"

previous umbrella term for autism

Rett disorder

genetic condition that affects mostly females and is characterized by hand wringing and poor coordination, is diagnosed as ASD with the qualifier

Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

includes the difficulties in social communication seen in ASD, but without restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.

impairments in social communication and social interaction, and 2) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

Two major characteristics of ASD

Level 1— "Requiring support," Level 2— "Requiring substantial support," and "Level 3— "Requiring very substantial support."

three levels of severity: of autism

problems with social reciprocity (a failure to engage in back -and-forth social interactions), nonverbal communication, and initiating and maintaining social relationships .

three aspects of Impairment in Social Communication and Social Interaction in asd

joint attention

Social reciprocity for individuals with more severe symptoms of ASD (previously diagnosed with autistic disorder) involves the inability to engage in ____.

"prosody").

Individuals with the less severe form of ASD may also lack appropriate facial expressions or tone of voice

Echolalia

repeating the speech of others; a sign of delayed speech development.

maintenance of sameness

Intense preference for the status quo

amygdala

______ in children with ASD is enlarged early in life—causing excessive anxiety and fear (perhaps contributing to their social withdrawal).

serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors and major tranquilizers

most helpful Medical intervention on the core symptoms of social and language difficulties

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)

Characterized by deficits in general mental abilities, such as

reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience.

conceptual, social, practical

di fficulties in three domains in Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)

"mental retardation"

previous term of Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)

The characteristic below-average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be evident before the person is _____ in intellectual disability.

50-55 and 70;

iq score mild

35-40 to 50-55;

iq score moderate

20-25 to 35-40

iq score severe

IQ scores below 20-25

iq score profound

intermittent, limited, extensive, or pervasive.

Described levels of the disorder based on the level of support or assistance people need

Flynn effect

refers to a consistent upward drift in intelligence test scores across generations of about three points per decade.

chromosomal disorders, single-gene disorders, mitochondrial disorders, multiple genetic mutations

Multiple genetic influences appear to contribute to ID

single-gene disorders

portion of the people with more severe ID have identifiable___

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

characterized by an inability to break down a chemical in our diets called phenylalanine; majority of people with this disorder had ID, seizures, and behavior problems, resulting from high levels of this chemical.

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

an X-linked disorder, is characterized by ID, signs of cerebral palsy (spasticity or tightening of the muscles), and self-injurious behavior; only males are affected; women with this gene are carriers and do not show any of the symptoms.

Down syndrome

most common chromosomal form of ID; The disorder is caused by the presence of an extra 21 st chromosome and is therefore sometimes referred to as trisomy 21

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

tests that can detect the presence of Down syndrome

Fragile X syndrome

second common chromosomally related cause of ID; primarily affects males; Men with the disorder display moderate-to-severe levels of ID and have higher rates of hyperactivity, short attention spans, gaze avoidance, and perseverative speech.

Cultural-familial intellectual disability

people with these characteristics are thought to have cognitive impairments that result from a combination of psychosocial and biological influences.

(task analysis)

breaking a skill into component parts