chapter 3 and 4 pyschology

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50 Terms

1
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What is heredity in psychological development?

Heredity refers to genetic information passed from parents to offspring, forming a person’s genotype.

2
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype is your genetic code; phenotype is how those genes are expressed, influenced by the environment.

3
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Define psychological development.

Changes in an individual’s social, emotional, and cognitive abilities across the lifespan.

4
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What is the biopsychosocial model?

A model considering biological, psychological, and social factors in development and mental wellbeing.

5
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What are the three dimensions of the biopsychosocial model?

Biological (e.g., genetics), Psychological (e.g., personality), Social (e.g., culture and relationships).

6
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What is mental wellbeing?

A state of emotional and social wellbeing where a person can cope with stress and contribute to their community.

7
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What are the "three Ds" of mental disorders?

Distress, Dysfunction, and Deviance.

8
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What is attachment in emotional development?

A close emotional bond between an infant and caregiver.

9
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Who developed the Strange Situation experiment and what did it study?

Mary Ainsworth; it studied attachment styles in infants.

10
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What are Ainsworth’s attachment types?

Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant, and Insecure-Disorganised.

11
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What did John Bowlby conclude about attachment?

Infants need a warm, continuous relationship with a caregiver for healthy mental development.

12
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What was Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?

Children imitated aggression toward a doll after watching a model being rewarded or punished.

13
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What did Gibson & Walk's visual cliff experiment show?

Infants develop depth perception as soon as they can crawl.

14
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What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Pre-operational (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-11 years), Formal Operational (12+ years).

15
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What is object permanence?

Understanding that objects still exist even when not seen (sensorimotor stage).

16
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Define egocentrism in Piaget’s theory.

The inability to see things from another person’s perspective (pre-operational stage).

17
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What is conservation in Piaget’s theory?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape (concrete operational stage).

18
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What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

Thinking about possibilities and testing them logically (formal operational stage).

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What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.

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What is private speech in Vygotsky’s theory?

Children talking to themselves to plan actions, which later becomes internal thought.

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What are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development?

Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional.

22
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What is a sensitive period in development?

An optimal time for learning a skill when the brain is most receptive.

23
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What is a critical period in development?

A narrow time window when a skill must be learned, or it may never develop.

24
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What did Lorenz find about imprinting?

Goslings imprint on the first moving object they see, showing a critical period for attachment.

25
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What did Weisel & Hubel’s study with kittens show?

Vision needs stimulation in early life; deprivation during critical periods causes permanent deficits.

26
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What is typical development?

Behaviour that aligns with age-appropriate norms and progresses similarly to peers.

27
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What is atypical development?

Behaviour or development that deviates significantly from age norms and may indicate a disorder.

28
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List five criteria for identifying atypical behaviour.

Cultural norms, Social norms, Statistical rarity, Personal distress, Maladaptive behaviour.

29
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What is the difference between adaptive and maladaptive behaviours?

Adaptive behaviours help us function; maladaptive behaviours interfere with functioning.

30
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Define neurotypical and neurodiverse.

Neurotypical = typical brain functioning; Neurodiverse = includes variations like autism or ADHD.

31
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What are characteristics of maladaptive behaviours?

Self-harm, aggression, tantrums, or behaviours that impair daily functioning.

32
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What makes an emotion maladaptive?

If it is intense, long-lasting, inappropriate, or interferes with functioning.

33
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What are maladaptive cognitions?

Distorted or irrational thoughts that negatively affect how someone sees reality.

34
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What is neurodiversity?

The idea that all brains are different, and differences like autism are natural variations.

35
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Definition of ASD?

a neurological disorder that affects communication and interaction with others and the world. symptoms can be spotted at an early age.

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What are autism spectrum disorder (ASD) key traits?

Social/non verbal communication deficits, restricted interests, repetitive behaviours.

37
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What is Theory of Mind and how does it relate to ASD?

Understanding others have different beliefs/knowledge; often impaired in individuals with ASD.

38
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What is executive function as a cognitive variation?

  • Executive function is a cognitive process that helps us to set goals, organise and plan, focus our attention and ultimately get things done.

  • Executive functioning involves complex cognitive processes like working memory, problem-solving and flexible thinking. 

  • children with ASD lack executive function.

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What is weak central coherence in autism?

Focusing on details instead of the whole picture; missing context or broader meaning, unable to derrive overall meaning from a mass of details.

40
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definition of ADHD (Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect some areas of brain function.

41
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What are key symptoms of ADHD?

  • Inattention (difficulty concentrating, forgetting instructions etc)

  • hyperactivity

  • impulsivity (short fuse, accident prone, talking over the top of others)

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What is executive dysfunction in ADHD?

Difficulty planning, focusing, and managing tasks due to underdeveloped executive skills.

43
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What is working memory in ADHD as a cognitive variation

  • individuals with ADHD have dysfunctions with working memory.

  • which is the memory that allows us to process incoming sensory info

44
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How is time estimation affected in ADHD?

Individuals often overestimate short time intervals and have poor timing skills.

45
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What is the role of a psychologist?

Assess mental health, provide therapy, and manage non-medical treatments.

46
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What is the role of a psychiatrist?

Diagnose and treat mental illness with the ability to prescribe medication.

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What do mental health support workers do?

Provide day-to-day support and connect individuals with services.

48
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What does cultural responsiveness in mental health mean?

Providing respectful, relevant care that considers cultural beliefs and practices.

49
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What is cultural safety in mental health care?

Acknowledging power imbalances and ensuring patient voices are heard and respected.

50
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What is cultural humility?

A lifelong practice of self-reflection, learning from others, and challenging power dynamics.