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What is heredity in psychological development?
Heredity refers to genetic information passed from parents to offspring, forming a person’s genotype.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is your genetic code; phenotype is how those genes are expressed, influenced by the environment.
Define psychological development.
Changes in an individual’s social, emotional, and cognitive abilities across the lifespan.
What is the biopsychosocial model?
A model considering biological, psychological, and social factors in development and mental wellbeing.
What are the three dimensions of the biopsychosocial model?
Biological (e.g., genetics), Psychological (e.g., personality), Social (e.g., culture and relationships).
What is mental wellbeing?
A state of emotional and social wellbeing where a person can cope with stress and contribute to their community.
What are the "three Ds" of mental disorders?
Distress, Dysfunction, and Deviance.
What is attachment in emotional development?
A close emotional bond between an infant and caregiver.
Who developed the Strange Situation experiment and what did it study?
Mary Ainsworth; it studied attachment styles in infants.
What are Ainsworth’s attachment types?
Secure, Insecure-Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant, and Insecure-Disorganised.
What did John Bowlby conclude about attachment?
Infants need a warm, continuous relationship with a caregiver for healthy mental development.
What was Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment?
Children imitated aggression toward a doll after watching a model being rewarded or punished.
What did Gibson & Walk's visual cliff experiment show?
Infants develop depth perception as soon as they can crawl.
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years), Pre-operational (2-7 years), Concrete Operational (7-11 years), Formal Operational (12+ years).
What is object permanence?
Understanding that objects still exist even when not seen (sensorimotor stage).
Define egocentrism in Piaget’s theory.
The inability to see things from another person’s perspective (pre-operational stage).
What is conservation in Piaget’s theory?
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape (concrete operational stage).
What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?
Thinking about possibilities and testing them logically (formal operational stage).
What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can do with help.
What is private speech in Vygotsky’s theory?
Children talking to themselves to plan actions, which later becomes internal thought.
What are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development?
Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional.
What is a sensitive period in development?
An optimal time for learning a skill when the brain is most receptive.
What is a critical period in development?
A narrow time window when a skill must be learned, or it may never develop.
What did Lorenz find about imprinting?
Goslings imprint on the first moving object they see, showing a critical period for attachment.
What did Weisel & Hubel’s study with kittens show?
Vision needs stimulation in early life; deprivation during critical periods causes permanent deficits.
What is typical development?
Behaviour that aligns with age-appropriate norms and progresses similarly to peers.
What is atypical development?
Behaviour or development that deviates significantly from age norms and may indicate a disorder.
List five criteria for identifying atypical behaviour.
Cultural norms, Social norms, Statistical rarity, Personal distress, Maladaptive behaviour.
What is the difference between adaptive and maladaptive behaviours?
Adaptive behaviours help us function; maladaptive behaviours interfere with functioning.
Define neurotypical and neurodiverse.
Neurotypical = typical brain functioning; Neurodiverse = includes variations like autism or ADHD.
What are characteristics of maladaptive behaviours?
Self-harm, aggression, tantrums, or behaviours that impair daily functioning.
What makes an emotion maladaptive?
If it is intense, long-lasting, inappropriate, or interferes with functioning.
What are maladaptive cognitions?
Distorted or irrational thoughts that negatively affect how someone sees reality.
What is neurodiversity?
The idea that all brains are different, and differences like autism are natural variations.
Definition of ASD?
a neurological disorder that affects communication and interaction with others and the world. symptoms can be spotted at an early age.
What are autism spectrum disorder (ASD) key traits?
Social/non verbal communication deficits, restricted interests, repetitive behaviours.
What is Theory of Mind and how does it relate to ASD?
Understanding others have different beliefs/knowledge; often impaired in individuals with ASD.
What is executive function as a cognitive variation?
Executive function is a cognitive process that helps us to set goals, organise and plan, focus our attention and ultimately get things done.
Executive functioning involves complex cognitive processes like working memory, problem-solving and flexible thinking.
children with ASD lack executive function.
What is weak central coherence in autism?
Focusing on details instead of the whole picture; missing context or broader meaning, unable to derrive overall meaning from a mass of details.
definition of ADHD (Attention deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect some areas of brain function.
What are key symptoms of ADHD?
Inattention (difficulty concentrating, forgetting instructions etc)
hyperactivity
impulsivity (short fuse, accident prone, talking over the top of others)
What is executive dysfunction in ADHD?
Difficulty planning, focusing, and managing tasks due to underdeveloped executive skills.
What is working memory in ADHD as a cognitive variation
individuals with ADHD have dysfunctions with working memory.
which is the memory that allows us to process incoming sensory info
How is time estimation affected in ADHD?
Individuals often overestimate short time intervals and have poor timing skills.
What is the role of a psychologist?
Assess mental health, provide therapy, and manage non-medical treatments.
What is the role of a psychiatrist?
Diagnose and treat mental illness with the ability to prescribe medication.
What do mental health support workers do?
Provide day-to-day support and connect individuals with services.
What does cultural responsiveness in mental health mean?
Providing respectful, relevant care that considers cultural beliefs and practices.
What is cultural safety in mental health care?
Acknowledging power imbalances and ensuring patient voices are heard and respected.
What is cultural humility?
A lifelong practice of self-reflection, learning from others, and challenging power dynamics.