aphg unit 2 vocab

Antinatalist

Policies aimed to decrease the fertility rate of a given place.

Asylum Seeker

Someone who migrates to another country in hopes of being recognized as a refugee.

Baby Boom

A spike in birth rates, typically occurring after a period of conflict.

Baby Bust

The end of a baby boom, lasting until boomers reach childbearing age.

Baby Echo

A spike in birth rates once baby boomers have reached childbearing age.

Birth Deficit

A slowdown of births to a rate below the replacement level, which sometimes occurs during times of conflict, economic downturn, or due to cultural shifts.

Brain Drain

The large-scale emigration of highly educated or skilled workers from a place, usually to seek better living and professional opportunities abroad.

Carrying Capacity

The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support.

Census

A survey that counts the population of a state, nation, or other geographic region.

Chain Migration

Migration in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.

Crude Birth Rate

The number of live births per year for every 1000 people.

Crude Death Rate

The number of deaths per year for every 1000 people.

Demographic Transition Model

A model that explains the five stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize, from high stationary to declining.

Dependency Ratio

The percentage of people within a population who are too young or too old to work and must rely on working adults for support.

Doubling Time

A measurement of how long a country will take to double its population based on its Natural Increase Rate.

Epidemiological Transition Model

A model of the predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they develop.

Forced Migration

A type of migration where people do not choose to relocate, but do so under threat of violence (war, persecution, slavery, etc.).

Guest Worker

A person with temporary permission to immigrate and work in another country.

Immigration Quota

A limit on the number of people who can immigrate to a country from a particular place during a particular period of time.

Infant Mortality Rate

A measure of the number of babies who die before their first birthday for every 1000 births.

Internally Displaced Persons

Someone forced to migrate for similar reasons as a refugee but who does not move across an international border.

Internal Migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a country.

Intervening Barriers

Barriers that make it difficult for migrants to reach their desired destination.

Obstacle

A factor that causes a migrant to choose a different destination than the one they had intended when starting their journey.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

Malthusian Theory

The theory that society is on the path to mass starvation, as population increases faster than food production capabilities. Malthus recommended that people limit the number of children they had in order to not exhaust the Earth's resources.

Migration

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another.

Natural Increase Rate

The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate; a statistic that estimates the population growth of a country, not including population lost or gained due to migration.

Neo-Malthusians

People who have adopted Malthus' ideas to fit modern conditions and believe that overpopulation is a serious problem and threat to the future.

One Child Policy

A set of antinatalist policies in place in China from 1979 to 2015 that incentivized families to have only one child, using social and economic benefits.

Population Density

The number of people who live in a defined area.

Population Distribution

The pattern of where people live.

Population Pyramid

An age-sex composition graph that can provide information on birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, economic development, migration, and past events like natural disasters, war, etc.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies aimed to increase the fertility rate of a given area.

Pull Factor

Positive conditions and circumstances that draw people to choose a migration destination.

Push Factor

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where someone lives that make them want to leave.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Laws that explain the relationship between the distance and volume of migration between a source and destination.

Refugee

A person forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, violation of human rights, or other disasters, and cannot return to their home country.

Remittances

Money that migrants send back to their family and friends in their home countries.

Step Migration

A process in which people reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves.

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born per woman (aged 15-49).

Transhumance

Seasonal migration that pastoral herders make with their animals.

Transnational Migration

The permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals between countries.

Voluntary Migration

Migration done by choice, often to obtain a better quality of life.