Animal Lab

Lab Animal Diversity Definitions

Tissues

Groups of cells that have similar structure and function as a unit

Organs

Structures that perform a specific task

Organ systems

Collection of organs that maintain homeostasis

Diploblastic

Two embryonic germinal tissue layers, endoderm and ectoderm

Ectoderm

Develops into epidermis and nervous tissue

Endoderm

Forms internal organs (digestive organs, respiratory organs, and several glands

Triploblastic

Three embryonic tissue layers during development, ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

Mesoderm

Derives into muscle layers and non-digestive(reproductive, osmoregulatory) organs

Acoelomate

Animals that lack a cavity between their internal organs and mesoderm

Pseudocoelomates

Have a body cavity that is divided into chambers (exhibits some organ development)

Coelom

Have a cavity between visceral organs and mesoderm, allowing organ systems like the digestive system to develop specialized regions for complex nutrient processing

Body symmetry

The ability to divide the body into similar parts around an axis

Asymmetrical

Lack of symmetry

Radial symmetry

A body plan with many planes of section that pass through a central axis of the animal that will result in multiple equal parts

Bilateral symmestry

Means that a single plane of section produces two or less equal halves

Cephalization

Development of a head region where sensory neurons are concentrated

Blastopore

The first opening of the digestive tube during embryonic development

Protostomic embryonic development

The blastopore becomes the mouth

Deuterostomic embryonic development

The blastopore becomes the butt

Ostia

Tiny openings that allow entry of surrounding water into a system of canals that run throughout the body of the sponge

Chanocytes

Have flagella that move water through the central cavity of the body

Osculum

The vase portion of the sponge, where the water exits

Mesohyl

Sponges exoskeletons consist of fibers and spicules embedded in this.

Cnidarians include?

Sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals

What is a sponges symmetry?

asymmetrical

What is the symmetry of Cnidarians?

radial symmetry

Epidermis

The outer tissue layer

Mesoglea

Two tissue layers are held together by a non-cellular substance

What are the two types of bodies that cnidarians form?

Medusae and polyps

Tentacles

Surrounds the mouth and function to capture prey using stinging cells

Cnidocytes

Stinging cells

Nematocysts

The organelles that sting

Gastric cavity

Digest the prey in this cavity

Coral polyps

Hardened endoskeleton of CaCO₃

What is the symmetry of flatworms?

Bilateral symmetry

Proboscis

What flatworms use to capture prey

Incomplete digestive tract

The digestive opening functions in both food acquisition and waste excretion

What is the symmetry of Nematodes?

Bilateral symmetry

What are the three functions of a Nematodes pseudocoelom?

Provides storage area for waste products, acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, and permits internal circulation

Complete digestive tract

They have a mouth and an anus that are separate openings

What is an advantage of a complete digestive system?

They don’t have a mouth and anus in the same opening, meaning a continuous feeding and better food processing

What do Annelids consist of?

Earthworms, Leeches, Polychaetes

What are the annelids symmetry?

Bilateral symmetry

Septa

Divides the coelom intro segments that contain repeated internal organs

Molluscs have what kind of symmetry?

Bilateral symmetry

Mantle

Soft tissue layer lining the inside of the shell, it functions to secrete the materials that make up the shell

Function of the shell?

It is an exoskeleton that protects molluscs, attacked by predators, from abrasion, and from pathogens

What are the three major groups of Molluscs?

Gastropods, Bivalves, and Cephalopods

What do Gastropods consist of?

Snails and slugs

What do Bivalves consist of?

Clams

What do Cephalopods do?

Octopus and squid

What do arthropods show an advancement of?

An advanced form of body segmentation, where varying number of segments fuse during embryonic development to form larger body units that take on specialized functions

What is arthropods type of exoskeleton?

Layer cuticle

What four groups are arthropods?

Chelicerates, Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Hexapodans

What do Chelicerates consist of?

Spiders, scorpions, and ticks

What do Crustacean consist of?

Crabs, shrimps, and crayfish

What do Myriapods consist of?

Centipedes and millipedes

What do Hexapodans consist of?

Insects

Echinoderms consist of what?

Sea stars and sea urchins

What is the symmetry of echinoderms?

Bilateral symmetry

What are echinoderms form of protection?

Spines and ridges that are connected to the epidermis

Chordates are distinguished by?

The four character states: notochord, dorsal nerve cord, post-anal tail, and pharyngeal slits

Notocord

A stiff but flexible rod running the length of the body along the dorsal midline

Myotomes

An anchor for segmented skeletal muscles

Nerve cord

A singular hollow tube that is located immediately dorsal to the notochord

Post-anal tail

Projects posteriorly beyond the anal opening, into which the notochord (or vertebral column) and myotomes extend

Pharyngeal slits

Chordates possess and pharynx that is basket-like, the function primarily fror filtering suspended food particles

What model of chordate is presented in lab?

Sand lancelet (Amphioxus)

Placoid scales

A part of a cartilaginous fish(shark and ray), where has endoskeleton consists of a unique type of cartilage and dermal scales called placoid scaled, these form teeth around the jaw margins

What are bony fishes endoskeleton that are materialized with what?

CaCO₃ (calcium carbonate)