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Structuralism
Psychological approach comparing to physical sciences
Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)
Conducted the first psychology experiment to study consciousness
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
Known for memory research using nonsense syllables
Psychanalytical Movement
Led by Sigmund Freud, famous for psychoanalysis and polarizing views
Gestalt Psychology
Focuses on perception and differs from Structuralism
Behaviorist Movement
Known for studying observable behavior and disregarding mental events
Edward Tolman (1886-1959)
Studied cognitive maps in rats, highlighting cognitive processes
Cognitive Revolution
Emerged to explain mental events behaviorists couldn't, likened to a computer analogy
Atkinson & Shiffrin Modal Model (1968)
Proposed a memory model with sensory, short-term, and long-term memory
Information-Processing Approach
Focuses on cognitive principles like limited capacity and different processing types
Working Memory vs Long-Term Memory
Differentiates short-term and long-term memory systems
William James (1842-1910)
Differentiated primary and secondary memory, emphasizing rehearsal in working memory
Levels of Processing
Craik & Lockhart's study on shallow vs deep processing and incidental memory
Encoding errors
Impact of attention on encoding, including inattentional blindness
Storage & Retrieval
Discusses storage capacity, proactive and retroactive interference, and encoding specificity
Episodic vs Semantic Memory
Explicit vs implicit memories, with examples and conscious awareness distinction
Retrograde Amnesia
Ribot's Law and the relationship between episodic and semantic memory
Structure of Semantic Memory
Models like hierarchical and network models, schemata, and scripts
False Memories
Memory reconstruction, misinformation effect, DRM paradigm, and eyewitness memory
