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Structuralism

Psychological approach comparing to physical sciences

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Conducted the first psychology experiment to study consciousness

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

Known for memory research using nonsense syllables

Psychanalytical Movement

Led by Sigmund Freud, famous for psychoanalysis and polarizing views

Gestalt Psychology

Focuses on perception and differs from Structuralism

Behaviorist Movement

Known for studying observable behavior and disregarding mental events

Edward Tolman (1886-1959)

Studied cognitive maps in rats, highlighting cognitive processes

Cognitive Revolution

Emerged to explain mental events behaviorists couldn't, likened to a computer analogy

Atkinson & Shiffrin Modal Model (1968)

Proposed a memory model with sensory, short-term, and long-term memory

Information-Processing Approach

Focuses on cognitive principles like limited capacity and different processing types

Working Memory vs Long-Term Memory

Differentiates short-term and long-term memory systems

William James (1842-1910)

Differentiated primary and secondary memory, emphasizing rehearsal in working memory

Levels of Processing

Craik & Lockhart's study on shallow vs deep processing and incidental memory

Encoding errors

Impact of attention on encoding, including inattentional blindness

Storage & Retrieval

Discusses storage capacity, proactive and retroactive interference, and encoding specificity

Episodic vs Semantic Memory

Explicit vs implicit memories, with examples and conscious awareness distinction

Retrograde Amnesia

Ribot's Law and the relationship between episodic and semantic memory

Structure of Semantic Memory

Models like hierarchical and network models, schemata, and scripts

False Memories

Memory reconstruction, misinformation effect, DRM paradigm, and eyewitness memory