UNIT 1 VOCAB

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40 Terms

1

Forensic science

The application of scientific methods to criminal cases.

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2

Criminalistics

The application of scientific methods to evaluate physical evidence from a crime scene for use in criminal proceedings.

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3

Odontology

Dentists who specialize in identification perform bite mark analysis and dental identification when there is nobody identification.

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4

Entomology

Uses insects to determine the time of death and location of the corpse.

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5

Pathology

Studies medical history, performs autopsies and collects medical and trace evidence from a body.

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6

Ballistics

Examines firearms, discharged bullets, cartridge cases, and shotgun shells.

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7

Polygraphy

Often incorrectly referred to as a lie detector test, it measures and records several physiological indicators while a person answers a series of questions.

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8

Toxicology

Medical examiners determine toxic substances in the body, including drugs and poisons.

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9

Forensic Anthropology

Identification of a person’s characteristics such as sex, age, and race from body remains.

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10

Serology

Identification of blood and other fluids such as semen, vaginal fluid, and saliva.

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11

Statutory Law

Legislative acts that declare, command, or prohibit.

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12

Criminal Law

Regulation and enforcement of rights, setting acceptable limits of conduct in society.

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13

Common Law

Body of law made up of judicial opinions and precedents (stare decisis).

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14

Civil Law

Noncriminal suits brought to protect a civil right or private matter.

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15

Equity Law

Filed as a preventative measure, e.g., restraining orders.

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16

Administrative Law

Established by agencies such as the IRS or Social Security Administration.

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17

Indict

To charge with a crime by the finding or presentment of a grand jury.

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18

Arraignment

The first act in a criminal proceeding where the defendant is brought before the court to hear charges and enter a plea.

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19

Preliminary Hearing

No jury; judge decides to proceed to trial, dismiss, or reduce charges due to insufficient evidence.

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20

Probable Cause

A situation in which a reasonable person concludes that a crime has been committed.

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21

Nolo Contendere

Latin for 'no contest'; agrees to accept punishment without admitting guilt.

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22

Miranda Rights

Rights that eliminate confessions as evidence of guilt.

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23

Double Jeopardy

5th Amendment protection against being prosecuted twice for the same crime.

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24

Bail

A sum of money or property deposited to ensure the defendant returns for trial.

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25

Plea Bargain

A legal arrangement where the defendant pleads guilty or no contest for concessions from the prosecutor.

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26

Misdemeanor

A minor crime, less than a felony, punishable by no more than one year in jail.

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27

Felony

More serious crimes that carry stiffer penalties, punishable by more than one year in prison.

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28

Violation

Any breach of a law, classified as an infraction, misdemeanor, or felony.

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29

Evidence

Material collected during a legal search of a suspect's premises.

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30

Expert Witness

A witness qualified by the court to assist in understanding a method or technology.

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31

Class vs. Individual Evidence

Class characteristics are common to a group; individual characteristics identify a specific person.

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32

Locard Principle

The perpetrator will bring and leave things at the crime scene.

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33

Daubert Ruling

A rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witness testimony.

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34

Frye Standard

Used to determine the admissibility of an expert's scientific testimony.

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35

CSI Effect

How crime shows affect public opinion and jurors regarding forensic evidence.

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36

Deductive Reasoning

The investigator constructs truths based on axiomatic assumptions.

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37

Inductive Reasoning

The process of drawing general conclusions from many clues or pieces of evidence.

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38

Probative

The probability of evidence to reach its proof purpose of a relevant fact.

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39

Material

Material evidence from crime or accident scenes that may explain the cause of an accident.

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40

Booking

Police procedure following arrest that records basic information about the suspect.

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