AP Human Geography Unit 4 COMPLETE REVIEW

nation

made up of people with a shared history; a history of self-determination; made through distinction

state

entity with a permanent population, sovereign government, and has recognition from other states

nation-state

made up of 1 nation; homogenous state; opposite of multinational

multinational state

state made up of multiple nations, 2 or more, and agreed to live in peace and coexist as 1 state

mulistate nation

nation that exists in multiple states e.g. North and South Korea

stateless nation

nation that doesn’t have a state e.g. the Kurdish nation

self-determination

a nation’s right to govern themselves without any influence from external powers and other states

shatterbelt regions

regions that are caught between two powers

neocolonialism

uses economic and political factors to influence another state without directly sending troops in

relic boundaries

boundaries that no longer exist, it impacts cultural landscape

antecedent boundaries

boundaries that existed before human settlement in that area

subsequent boundaries

a political border that is established after an area has been settled and reflects the cultural characteristics of the people living there, often developing along existing ethnic, linguistic, or religious divisions within a region

consquent boundaries

a political boundary that is drawn to align with existing cultural differences within a region, such as language, religion, or ethnicity, essentially dividing populations based on pre-existing cultural divides (uses existing landscapes)

superimposed boundaries

boundaries created by a foreign state e.g. European powers created most boundaries in African countries

geometric boundaries

cultural boundaries that are straight lines based on latitude and longitude e.g. the border between the U.S. and Canada

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

territorial waters

12 nautical miles from shore; the state has sovereign rule over those waters

contiguous zone

24 nautical miles from the territorial waters; the state is allowed to set rules and regulations within that zone

EEZ

The Exclusive Economic Zone, it is 200 nautical miles from the contiguous zone, the country has jurisdiction over activities and resources

voting districts

they get redistricted every time a voting census is completed

gerrymandering

the redistricting of the voting district in order to create a distinct district that is more favorable to your political party

federal state

concentrates power between national and federal government, the power is shared

unitary states

concentrates power on one centralized government

centrifugal

espn that divide a country

centripetal

espn that unite a country

devolution

the transfer of power from national government down to regional governments

state sovereignty

the state’s right to govern themselves

defined boundaries

established by a legal document

delimited boundaries

drawn on a map

chokepoints

areas where the physical geographty creates a narrow strait that makes trade or travel difficult

prorupted states

compact states with a large protruding extension

perforated states

the state that completely surrounds another state

ethnic seperatism

the political movement where an ethnic group within a state seeks to break away and form its own independent state, often driven by a strong sense of cultural identity distinct from the larger population of the country they reside in, leading to calls for greater autonomy or even complete separation from the existing state

irredentism

movement to unite people with shared culture and/or language but separated by a boundary

balkanization

divide a region into smaller and mutually hostile states/groups (independent states that are hostile to eachother)

supranationalism

when several countries form an organization to achieve a common goal

failed states

the state is unable to perform basic governmental responsibilities and lack authority over its land

ethnonationalism

national identity is bas ed on a common ethnicity and they attempt to tie ethnicity to nationality e.g. India trying to tie Hindu

ethnic nationalist movement

a group may want more autonomy or full separation from a country based on ethnicity and nationality

enclave

a piece of land belonging to one state that is completely surrounded by another state

exclave

a part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country by another country’s borders.

assimalation

minority (migrant) population adopts popular culture of the state

egalitarianism

belief in the equality of all people

foward capital

capital that is relocated for ESPN reasons (it’s strategic)

buffer states

used to separate hostile powers

colonialism

the process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country, which they have settled and taken over

imperialism

the policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, military force, or other means