MCB3020 (UF) Bacusmo Exam 4

Morbidity rate is an important parameter used by epidemiologists to measure disease. If there are 10 new cases of measles per 10,000 individuals in a population in a two-month period, the morbidity rate is _______________.

0.1%

The first epidemiologist was ___________.

John Snow

Control measures should be directed toward the part of the infectious disease cycle that is _________.

most susceptible to control

Brian lives in a town where 98% of the population is immunized against measles. Brian is unlikely to get measles, despite the fact that he has never been immunized. This situation demonstrates the concept of

herd immunity

The vaccine used to prevent measles consists of live measles viruses. This type of vaccine is most likely

an attenuated vaccine

A subunit vaccine is composed of

purified parts of a microorganism

T/F. Vaccines made from attenuated microorganisms are better at boosting the immune response than vaccines made from inactivated microorganisms.

True

T/F. Vaccines present antibodies from a pathogen to stimulate immunity.

False

The U.S. government has invested national effort into creating a biological weapons defense. The initiatives include:

(check all that apply)

- development of improved detection and diagnostic systems

- preparation of clinical microbiologists and their laboratories as first-responder teams

- a stockpile of specialized vaccines and medicines for civilian protection

The total number of individuals infected in a population at any one time is referred to as

prevalence rate

Epidemiology

The study of the origin, cause, distribution, and spread of disease

What were John Snow's studies?

Studied series of Cholera outbreaks; discovered the disease came from infected drinking water

T/F. Control measures for microorganisms should be directed toward the part of the disease cycle that is most susceptible to control.

True

What governmental agency focuses on national and environmental health, as well as designs a set of health education activities to improve general health of the population?

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

What is the supranational agency involved in tracking and controlling the spread of disease worldwide?

World Health Organizations (WHO)

What is the U.S. Biological Weapons Defense Initiative?

Based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents hat can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats

Sporadic disease

Occurs occasionally, at irregular intervals

Endemic disease

Occurs regularly at a low level of frequency and at moderately regular intervals

Hyperendemic disease

Increases gradually above the level of an endemic disease, but not enough to qualify as an epidemic

Outbreak

An abrupt, unexpected occurrence of a disease, usually in a limited segment of the population

Epidemic

An abrupt increase in the frequency of the disease above the expected number

Index case

First case in an epidemic

Pandemic

An increase in the occurrence of disease within a large population

What does public health surveillance involve?

The proactive evaluation of emerging infectious agents, human behaviors, lifestyle choices, and genetic backgrounds

T/F. Epidemiologists frequently draw on knowledge from the field of statistics.

True

What are the three numerical measures of disease frequency?

1. Morbidity Rate

2. Prevalence Rate

3. Mortality Rate

Morbidity rate

the number of new cases of a disease during a particular period, as a fraction of the population size

Prevalence rate

measures the total number of infected individuals in the population at any given time, as a share of the total population size

Mortality rate

the number of deaths from a given disease, as a fraction of overall cases of that disease

Infectious disease

One that results from an infection by microbial agents

When does an infectious disease become communicable?

when it can be transmitted from person to person

Common-source epidemics

one that is caused by a single, common contaminated source.

What are common-source epidemics characterized by?

a significant, immediate increase in the number of infected individuals, and a similarly significant decrease in the number of infected individuals.

Propagated epidemics

caused by the introduction of an infected individual into a susceptible population, where the disease can be propagated to others.

What are propagated epidemics characterized by?

a gradual increase in the number of infected individuals, followed by a gradual decline in the number of infected individuals over time

Herd immunity

Explains the resistance of a population to infection and to the spread of an infectious organism due to high level of immunity of a large percentage of the population.

Why does an unvaccinated individual not get infected when those around them are vaccinated?

Herd immunity

T/F. Immunization of a population has no effect on herd immunity.

False; increased the level of herd immunity

Antigenic drift

results in minor changes to virus

Antigenic shift

More drastic changes that result in completely different strains

What do antigenic drifts occur from?

Natural mutations

What do antigenic shifts occur from?

A combination of strains

What are some of the reasons for the emergence of new diseases in recent decades?

Ecological distribution, increased drug use, sexual promiscuity, and an increase in the mobility of the population

Systematic epidemiology

The study of the ecological and social factors that influence the development of emerging ad reemerging infectious disease.

What are three strategies that epidemiologists use to contain or eradicate disease?

1. Reduce or eliminate the source

2. Break the connection between the source and susceptible individuals

3. Reduce the number of susceptible individuals

T/F. Vaccines stimulate immunity by presenting the body with novel antigens, which causes the body to develop antibodies to fight the antigens.

True

Whole-cell vaccine

Consist of whole microorganisms

Subunit vaccine

Consist of purified parts of the microorganism

Attenuated vaccines

Contains strains of live microorganisms that have undergone the process of attenuation, which makes them less virulent

Inactivated vaccines

Contains dead microbes or their fragments that can neither replicate nor mutate to a more virulent form

Toxoid vaccines

Contain chemically or thermally modified toxins

Which type of vaccine is better at boosting the immune response?

Attenuated Vaccines

Fermentation

involves the growth of microbes in large volumes for the production of industrially important products

Starter culture

the preparation of living microorganisms that are deliberately used to assist the beginning of fermentation

What are the major types of fermentation in food biology?

- Lactic

- Propionic

- Alcoholic fermenations

What are the four microbial genera used in production of fermented dairy products?

1) Lactobacillus

2) Lactococcus

3) Leuconostoc

4) Streptococcus

What is an example of mesophilic fermentation?

buttermilk, sour cream

What is an example of thermophilic fermentation?

yogurt

What is an example of yeast-lactic fermentation?

Kefir

What is an example of mold-lactic fermentation?

Viili

What is the most common starter culture for cheese production?

Lactobacillus species

T/F. Pasteurization is used to kill pathogens and retard spoilage.

True

Enology

Wine production

Beer fermentation: Must

the liquid that is formed from crushing of grapes

Beer fermentation: Malt

the malt after being mixed with water in order to hydrolyze starch to usable carbohydrates

Beer fermentation: Mash

the malt after being mixed with water in order to hydrolyze starch to usable carbohydrates

Beer fermenation: Wort

Liquid portion of mixture

What is sour mash inoculated from?

Homolactic bacterium

What is fermented in bread making?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)

Probiotics

A live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host

What is an example of probiotics?

Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are in yogurt

Industrial microbiology

Branch of applied microbiology in which microorganisms are used in industrial processes such as the production of drugs, chemicals, and fuels

What is an example of industrial microbiology?

Magnetosomes

Environmental microbiology

Study of the cumulative impact of microbial processes occurring in the environment, both in specific biomes and on global scale

What is an example of environmental microbiology?

Waste-water treatment

Biodegradation

Involves the use of microbes to break organic matter into simpler compounds

Bioremediation

Involves the use of microbes to "remedy" environmental problems, such as converting toxic materials to non-toxic materials